Statistical Process Control

Standard Operating Procedure for inline Q. A, using Statistical Process Control charts OBJECTIVE To remove or minimize, cost of poor quality. SCOPE This procedure is applicable for all kind of critical points for which variable charts are being made to know about the process stability. RESPONSIBILITY 1) Q. A. Manager Q. A. Manager is responsible for allotting the critical points in a particular product to in line Q. A. ’s. 2) A. Q. M. A. Q. M. is responsible for carrying out the SPC effectively in their given lines.He is also responsible to assist the in line QA’s in case of any difficulty. 3) In Line Q. A. ’s In line Q. A. ’s are responsible to fill the variable chart correctly and take appropriate actions required after depicting the charts. PROCEDURE ? One Variable chart is to be prepared against each critical point. ? Take 5 samples at random produced in a particular hour and start measuring critical points on each sample. ? Write down the measurement difference as per the size-measurement specification given on variable chart in the period of that hour. After the five pieces are inspected, find out the median and range of these five readings by the following method. o Arrange the data in ascending order and write down the third no. in the median array for that particular hour. o To calculate range note down the difference between the maximum reading and minimum reading of that particular hour. Write it down in the range array. ? Calculate Upper Control Limit and Lower Control Limit by using the following formula: o Calculate X Bar for previous days 8 hours reading by following formulaX1+X2+X3+X4+X5+X6+X7+X8 X = 8 Where X1 †¦.. X8 are the median readings for previous day 8 hour. o Calculate R for previous days 8 hours reading by following formula R1+R2+R3+R4+R5+R6+R7+R8 R= 8 Where R1 †¦.. R8 are the range readings for previous day 8 hour. o UCL and LCL for median chart will be calculated by the given formula: __ UCL = X +0. 691* R LCL = X-0. 691 * R o UCL and LCL for Range chart will be calculated by the given formula: UCL = 2. 14 * R LCL = 0 * R ? Now once limits of median chart as well as range chart are calculated start marking the points of median and range on the median and range graph respectively that to corresponding to that particular hour. ? If any point is found to lie outside the control limits, immediate action should be taken to bring the process in control. ? One point should be kept in mind that process should lie somewhere near central line. It means your process is stable and predictable.

Digital Comm Tutorial

The process of quantisation introduces an error or noise component into the quantised signal. Derive an equation for the mean-squared quantisation error in terms of the quantization interval ‘a’. ii) Hence show that the peak signal-to-quantisation noise ratio (SQNR) is SQNR = ( 6n + 4. 8 ) dB Where 2 n is the number of quantisation levels. b)i) Linear quantisation is used prior to binary PCM encoding of an analogue baseband signal which has a uniform probability density function. The signal-to-quantisation noise ratio must be no less than 35 dB.How many binary bits are required to code each quansation level? ii) If the bit rate is 104 bits per second, what should be the maximum bandwidth of the analogue signal prior to sampling? Q2. a)i) Explain how nonlinear quantisation can be used to reduce the number of levels required to quantise a signal. ii) Explain why logarithmic quantisation is preferred. iii) What types of signal is most suitable to be processed by non-linear quantisation? b) Sketch the A-law companding curved. Explain why companding is used in voice transmission systems. c) Show that the dynamic range of the logarithmic portion of the A-law compander is 38. dB and that the improvement in signal to quantisation noise ratio realized for small signals, compared with linear quantisation , is 24 dB.d) For an 8-bit A-law companded PCM system, calculate the SQNR obtainable and the PCM bit rate. Assume the sampling frequency is 8 KHz. Q3. a) Explain (qualitatively) how Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) can reduce the transmission bandwidth required. b) Explain what is delta modulation. Why it is particularly suited to speech signals? c) For an input sinusoid of frequency 1 kHz, estimate and compare the signal-to-error ratios of a linear PCM coder using a sampling rate of 2. kHz and 7 bits per sample quantisation with a single-integration delta modulator producing the same gross bit rate. BASEBAND REGERATOR / ERROR PROBABILITY / LINE COD E Q4. a) Digital transmission systems provide better received signal quality compare to analogue transmission systems when implementing a long distance communication link. Explain briefly why this is so. b) A PCM transmission link employed 8 bit coding and uses baseband regenerator as repeater. Determine the Signal-to-Noise ratio obtainable at the receiver assuming no bit error occurred. c) An analogue transmission system required amplifiers to be spaced every 2 km apart.Assume the Signal-to-Noise ratio of the amplifier is 65 dB, determine the maximum distance of the link before the quality of the received signal is lower than the PCM link above. d) A RF binary PSK system operates with phase states separated by 180o. The bit rate is 2. 0 Mbit/s and the noise power spectral density at the input to an ideal matched filter detector is 1. 0 pW/Hz. If the transmission loss between transmitter and detector is 40 dB, what power must be transmitted to achieve a probability of bit error of 1 ( 10-6 ? For binary PSK , Pe = ? [1- erf(Eb/No)1/2] Error function tables are provided. Q5. ) Draw a simplified block diagram of a PCM regenerative repeater. b) An ideal 18 – section, copper cable, PCM link employs unipolar , NRZ, rectangular pulses on each section and a center point detection process at each repeater. The probability of error versus SNR for this transmission and detection scheme is given by [pic] If all sections were identical, and operated with a section SNR of precisely 18 dB, what would be the overall probability of error for the entire link? Q6.(a) Sketch the typical, long term, spectrum of a speech waveform. Show on your sketch the bandwidth normally considered sufficient for telephone quality transmission. b) i) If the voice signal in part (a) is to be transmitted using 8-bit PCM and use the bandwidth upper frequency limit shown on your sketch to find the required PCM bit rate. ii) What channel bandwidth, in principle, would be required if the PCM bits were to be transmitted as perfectly rectangular pulses without distortions? iii) What is the minimum theoretical bandwidth which would allow the PCM bits to be transmitted independently (i. e. without inter-symbol interference (ISI) at the receiver sampling instants)? Explain your answer. (c) i) What is the main functions of line codes? i) The bit stream shown in Fig. Q7 is to be line-coded using the high-density substitutiontechnique HDB3. Sketch a version of the resulting coded signal.What are the features of HDB3 which makes it an attractive line code? [pic] Fig. Q6 TDM / PDH / SDH Q7. a)i) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, the way in which analogue telephone channels plus signalling and service information are combined in a plesiochronous time-division multiplexed system to form the primary multiplex group. ii) What sampling rate would be appropriate for each telephone channel and what would be the gross bit rate of the multiplex group? )i) Show how primary multiplex groups may be combined to form higher level multiplexes and to provide access for wideband signals. ii) Explain why it is necessary in a high order Plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH ) to de-multiplex down to the lowest order whenever a single channel is to be extracted or inserted.c) Calculate the number of telephone channels which can be accommodated at level 4 of a PDH. d) In the PDH, explain why the bit rate at a given level is not exactly an integer multiple of the bit rate at the level below. Q8. a) Explain why bit justification is required in a PDH network, and describe how it may be performed. ) i) Determine the minimum and maximum input channel rates accommodated by an CEPT2 multiplexer. ii) Determine the rate of CEPT1 misframes caused by erroneous interpretation of a stuffed bit. Assume channel bit error rate Pe is 10-6. CEPT2 parameters: Bit rate8. 448 Mbit/s Master frame length848 bits Message length/channel205 bits Framing bits12 bits Stuffing control bits12 bits Stuff bits 4 bits c)i) Explain what is frame slip. ii) In a PDH network, the primary multiplex clock generators have frequency stability of 1 part in 107. Calculate the average number of frames slips per hours in a connection of 5 inter-exchange links.Q9. a) Describe the essential features of the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH). b) Plesiochronous networks have a number of disadvantages by comparisons with the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. State and explain two of them. c) Draw a block diagram illustrating the SDH. Show on your diagram the nominal STMbit rates associated with each SDH level. d)i) Describe the SDH primary-rate frame structure with particular reference to the location within the frame of the section overheads, the (administrative unit) pointers and the STM-1 payload. ii) What are the main functions of pointer? SIGNALLINGQ10. a)i) Explain the need for signaling in a telecommunication system. ii) List the minimum basic signaling requirements, and show how they may be obtain ed in the subscriber loop of a typical telephone network. b) Draw a simple block diagram illustrating the essential difference between channel-associated signaling (CAS) and common channel signaling (CCS). c) List the advantages of CCS over CAS. d) Modern digital switching systems using Stored Program Control (SPC) employ CCS. Draw a block diagram showing how CCS may be implemented. e) What is the disadvantage of CCS and how are they overcome? Q11. ) Show how the ITU-T (formerly CCITT ) signaling systems No. 7 conform to theInternational Standard Organisation, Open Systems Interconnection (ISO-OSI ) model. b) What are the three types of signal units employ by the ITU-T SS No. 7? What is the function of each? c)i) How is the channel associated signaling handled by the 30+2 PCM primary multiplex frame? ii) Calculate the bit rate of the signaling channel with one voice channel. TELETRAFFIC THEORY Q12. a) In a switching system for which blocked calls are lost, the average number of call s per hour is 200 with an average holding time of 3 minutes.Estimate the number of trunks required to achieve a grade of service of 0. 1 %. b) On the average during the busy hour, traffic generated in exchange A and exchange B is shown in table Q13. Assume no tandem traffic, estimate the number of trunk channels (two way connections) required for a grade service of 1 %: i) if the same lines are used for incoming and outgoing calls, ii) if separate lines are used for incoming and outgoing calls. Evaluate the above options and propose a cost effective solution. What is the minimum number of trunk lines required to serve the two exchanges? |Exchange A |Exchange B | |Exchange A |- |36 Erlang | |Exchange B |43 Erlang |- | Table Q13 c) Calculate the number of channels needed in a seven-cell re-use pattern cellular systems to achieve a blocking probability of 1 % if there are 2800 calls per cell per hour, each of average duration of 1. 8 minutes. (use traffic table). Q13.a) Define traffic intensity and congestion. ) Explain why it is necessary to determine the traffic variations as a function of time for a telephone exchange. c)For a telephone exchange designed based on blocked call lost assumption, the probability of there being k calls in progress with N trunks carrying traffic A Erlang is given by: [pic][pic] i) Explain what is meant by blocked call lost. Give an evaluation the effect of this assumption. ii) Derive an equation for the probability all servers are busy and the subscriber encountered call blocking. State the assumptions made for the above equation to be valid. ) A PBX with 250 internal lines has 10 trunks to the public network. i) What is the probability of call blocking if each internal line is involved in four external calls with an average duration of 2. 5 minutes per call, per eight-hour working day? ii) How many additional trunk connections would be required to improve the grade-of service to better than 0. 5 %? Q14. a) In a queueing system, the average rate of packet transmission is ( frames per second, and the average arrival rate of data is ( packets per second. The probability that therewill be n packets in the queue isPn = (1 – ( )( ( ) nwhere ( = ( / ( b) Derive an equation for the average number of packets in the queue and show how this varies with the parameter ( . c) How would you use this equation to design the node in a packet-switched system? d) If the switching node has a transmission capacity of 800 packets per second and the packet arrival rate is 500 packets per second. i) Calculate the average number of packets in the queue and hence ii) Calculate the average waiting time per packet. iii) What is the mean delay introduced by the switching node on a packet? ) A common –channel signalling system uses a 64 kbits/s data link to serve a group of 1500 speech circuits on a route between two exchanges. The busy-hour traffic is 1000 E and the average call duration is two minutes.On average each call r equires transmission of ten messages (five signals plus five responses) and the average message length is 20 octets. Calculate the percentage of messages which encounter delay and the mean delay for these messages. DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORK Q15. a)i) Describe the principle of data communication by packet switching. ii) Evaluate the advantages of this strategy by comparison with circuit switching. )Show how the format of a packet can allow inclusion of routing, error correction, synchronisation and data. c)A packet switch has a single outgoing link at 2. 048 Mbit/s. The average length of each packet is 960 bytes. If the average packet delay through the switch must be less than 20 ms, assuming an M/M/1 queue, determine the i) maximum total packet arrival rate ii) average length of the queue. Q16a) Outline the ISO-OSI data communication network model. b) i) At which layer of the ISO-OSI model does the routing information provided? ii) Name and describe briefly two common routing proto cols for the Wide Area Network (WAN).ii) Compare the relative performance of the protocols. iv) give an example of the connection standard applicable to each. c) Describe the format of a High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) packet and describe how this could be employed to implement call set-up, data transfer and call clearing in a virtual circuit. ISDN / B-ISDN Q17. a) Most national tele-traffic networks have evolved from systems using analogue telephonyand signaling and electromechanical switching. Show, using diagrams, how it has been possible to develop Integrated Digital Networks (IDN) whilst retaining much of the transmission network. ) An IDN is required to provide communication of information in addition to digital telephony signals. Describe the others signals necessary to operate an IDN and show how these can be integrated within a single network. c) Outline the potential benefits of an ISDN. d) Describe the data handling capabilities of Basic Rate Access and Primary Rate A ccess ISDN services. What are the gross bit rates in each case? Q18. a) Describe the process which takes place in a packet speech transmission system and outline the transmission delay which might be expected. ) In a packet communication network packets arrive at a switch according to a Poisson distribution with a mean arrival rate of 4 packet/s.The service time is exponentially distributed with a mean value of 100 ms. Assuming that each packet contains 70 bytes and the output transmission rate is 5. 6 kbit/s. How long, on average, does a packet have to wait in the queue? If the switch in part (c) is limited in length to 10 packets, what is the probability of losing packets? c) What extensions to these access processes will be required to handle multi-media terminals and what data transfer method will be most appropriate? ) What are the numerical values of the following: i) ATM cell size. ii) ATM information field size. iii) SDH STM-1 bit rate. iv) PCM voice channel bit rate. e) Use your answer in part (d) to find the expected total network delay (including packetisation delay) experienced by a voice signal transmitted over an ATM network connection operating at the SDH STM-1 bit rate. The connection traverse 8 switching centers, each of which introduces a mean delay equal to 98 ATM cells. The transmission path length is 350 km in total, and the specific delay of the transmission medium is 5 (s/km.

The good the bad and the ugly parts of being a nursing assistant in Essay

The good the bad and the ugly parts of being a nursing assistant in long term care - Essay Example The Good: Lucky to know the patients and residents better. The amount of information sharing, if time permits, about past experiences, adventures, achievements, failures etc. are enriching the life of a CNA as a listener simultaneously encouraging the other side of reviving the past or relieving the suffering. Listening is the best counseling. The difference you can make in someones life! The shift meetings, specific duties, routines, recording the vital signs, escorting patients, mobility support, assisting with eating meals etc. all hold good. The Bad: Waking up the patients or residents, helping with dressing, bathroom, errands, severe mood or depression, injury, arguments, non-co-operative patients, and extreme physical and emotional demands as well as recording activities and incidents is at times unpleasant. The Ugly: The evening routine of changing residents into pajamas, personal hygiene, bathroom visits, changing diapers, emptying bedpans and the emotional stress of seeing a patient or resident dying, one feels at times, unpalatable. Conclusion: As a CNA I laugh, visit, and console patients and residents and I enjoy my work. As Suzanne Sweezy (2010) rightly said, â€Å"CNA description is not one filled with fast paced excitement or overly appreciative supervisors† but if you ask me if I enjoy being a CNA, then the answer is always a resounding

Media and Child Welfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media and Child Welfare - Essay Example (concerning digitization) and cultural shifts (towards a more individualistic consumer society) appear to have handed new media technologies a competitive advantage over their predecessors† (Freedman, 2006, 275). With more and more people utilizing the new forms of disseminating relevant issues and information for various purposes, critical issues on child welfare are increasingly being criticized. Children at very young ages are solely dependent on their parents for support – physical, emotional, financial, spiritual, and in other developmental aspects. Parents usually devote quality time and effort to assure that their kids experience a wide spectrum of developmental and socialization skills needed to prepare them for the future. Issues that affect children’s welfare are scrutinized for violations of ethical codes of conduct in terms of research and manner of dissemination to the public. Ethical issues in research involving children range from concerns affecting children directly and the areas involved in undertaking the research. Those critical ethical issues that emerge affecting children are giving informed consent, competencies of children, environmental and social context, and controversial issues such as child abuse, neglect and all forms of aggression, among others. Issues affecting child welfare take into consideration the sensitivity of the topic, the aims of the research, methodologies, sources of funds, and participants to the study, to name a few. According to the UNC – Chapel Hill School of Social Work (2005), â€Å"on the face of it the effectiveness of rural child welfare social workers and the media do not appear to be related, but they are. Indeed, any agency’s ability to ensure the safety and well-being of children is significantly influenced by the way that agency is perceived by families and the general public. And the media is a very powerful player when it comes to educating citizens and shaping public opinion† (par.

US History 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

US History 3 - Essay Example â€Å"†¦Americans of the twenties sought to adapt to the rise of a new mass culture, mass production, urban world† (738), while â€Å"†¦the New Deal Era radically redefined the nation’s political agenda, the role of the federal government, and the nature of the presidency† (777). The popularity of print media was at its peak in the 1920s, as the circulation graph of magazines like Saturday Evening Post and Readers Digest verify. Though there is an accusation that the lofty elements of classic literature were lost in the periodical articles in these magazines meant for light reading, they have definitely played a vital part in shaping the American sensibility. Though radio and movies were in vogue in the twenties, they reached perfection in the production and reach only in the thirties. The impact of the magazines had decreased to an extent in the New Deal Era, thanks to the innovative means of entertainment and information that audio-visual mass media offered. While the twenties’ moviemakers struggled with ‘vitaphone’ and ‘movietone’ for sound in movies and were content with black and white films, the thirties are known for phenomenal inventions in incorporating sound and color to the movies. However, it is observed that â₠¬Å"the rise of corporate economic power in Hollywood had a subtle but distinct effect on film content, encouraging escapist, predictable formula films most likely to turn a profit, and discouraging riskier work and critical explorations of the darker corners of American society.† (773) The most significant aspect of the Progressive Era is the emergence of the African American community and a celebration of their existence through the Harlem Renaissance. The cultural flowering at Harlem owes it allegiance to the pride and self-confidence the Afr0-Americans gained in the Post-World War I America. Jazz music, which originated form the Afro-American musical tradition, is representative of the breaking free from the white traditional

Application implement into a business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Application implement into a business - Essay Example Wrapped wire method also is said to have a digital use of circuit for using solder less boards. Advantages of wrapped wire are as follows, it is reliable method, it is relatively cheap, can be used to make a permanent circuit, the last but not the least it is fast and easily to change the system for better operation. Although, this method is highly preferred in most of machines which consume relatively high voltage, they are associated with demerits such that connection to the lead square must be made with solder to the head of the IC socket where the pin wire is heading to. Therefore, capacitors, resistors and transistors soldered to the IC to complete the circuit (Kraslawski & Turunen, 2013). Another disadvantage is that, low current is associated with few number of mA, thus reducing working capacity of the machine. Prototyping environments and processes regarding to a computer system Environment is a key factor that should be considered before buying and setting a prototype system. For instance, a computer is one of the electronic gadgets that require sensitive attention to be considered. Therefore, wrap wire method and printed circuit board are used because they are safe, highly reliable and so on. Computers requires a steady flow of current such that, connection of wires from a power supply to the entire system should be very competed to avoid failure of current from reaching the destination. Additionally, printed circuit board helps machines to keep steadiness flow of current to the junior elements such as transistors and capacitors which maintains functioning of a computer. In a computer system there two types of prototypes namely, hardware prototype and software prototype (National Research Council, 2008). Hardware prototypes are mostly concerned with fixing all the physical functional parts of a computer. These parts include motherboard elements, monitor, a nd switches among other physical part of a computer. On the other hand, software prototypes are concerned with installation of programs, such as micro soft office, VLC, internet among many programs, as one can prefer (Russell, M. T. (2008). Defining an accessibility technology for the prototype in a business In order to achieve desirable and accessible prototypes many companies have found it as a

Bicycles in Miami Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bicycles in Miami - Essay Example ate in the manufacture and sale of high quality bicycles in the city and the growth of the industry portrays the both the potential and the future of the place of bicycles in Miami, Florida. Miami is among the leading tourist destinations in the United States famed for its wide beaches. As such, the city experiences an influx of visitors especially during summer a feature that piles pressure on the city’s transport system. In order to overcome such challenges, the state government encouraged the use of bicycles thereby giving rise to the number of bicycles in the city. The history of the city therefore includes the high number of bicycles (Mathur, 2014). Progressively, bicycles remained a fundamental feature of transport in the city as the industry expanded owing to the concerted government effort to promote clean and safe environment. As a preferred tourist destination, the use of bicycles in Miami offered a cheaper means of transport especially for the locals who had to compete for public transport with the rising number of tourists visiting the city annually. This explains the historical position of bicycles in the city, the position has not changed since to d ate both locals and tourists alike prefer the use of bicycles as the preferred means of transport in Miami. The use of bicycles remains commonplace in Miami as the government continues to expand projects that foster the growth of the industry through systematic policies. The wealthy and the rich in Miami continue to show preference for bicycle as a means of transport owing to the government’s endeavors to improve the appreciation of the means of transport. The trend spread throughout the city owing to the health benefits associated with cycling to work. Besides sustaining the cleanliness of the environment, cycling to work promises a lean healthy body since it provides the body with intense physical activity thereby burning used calories in the body (Frantz, 2009). Different arms of the government

Consumer Culture in terms of Social Status and Identity Essay

Consumer Culture in terms of Social Status and Identity - Essay Example The global arena, as experienced in the contemporary arena, has undergone through various changes, as historically provided. History provides a review of the evolution of Man, which culminated in great advancement during the past two centuries in terms of different contexts. The 20th century was indeed the hallmark of human irony, where various contexts influenced and were in turn affected by human civilization. Thus despite the clashes of human ideology, which inadvertently resulted in two deadly global wars, and a 45-year long Cold war, the real winner of all this was an unlikely candidate. What do I mean by this? That while the United States became the eventual global leader, the century did not culminate in its political ideas’ dominance in global affairs rather it was the concept/ aspect of consumerism that won. Consumer culture, individualism, individual strive for success, and materialism became the dominant identity factor, which portrayed then and still does, Man’s ultimate gains (Cross, 2002). While the political and economic spheres had been influential in humanity’s existence, as portrayed throughout history, it is the 20th century, which ultimately defined Man. In the superpower itself, and increasingly across the globe, the visions of a political society of active citizenship and stable, shared values did not become enshrined in the human subconscious. Rather, the seemingly passive, yet dynamic society became ingrained in material consumption in the manner. Jhally (2006) portrays that this is what has come to define our current society, the geopolitical, social and economic factors notwithstanding. To augment the aforementioned drive has been the greatly influential aspect of globalization. Despite the great expansion of government, the very basic ideal of political life being primary to social coexistence and human interaction, it has receded to the  background; paving way for a consumer public.

Financial Ratios Analysis of IBM 2005-2006 Case Study

Financial Ratios Analysis of IBM 2005-2006 - Case Study Example There was also an inverse increase in current liability of $4,939 ($40,091 - $35,152 million) which adversely affected the company’s liquidity ratio. This decline also reflected in acid test ratio or the ability to settle obligation immediately as it also declined by 13.492. 2. Leverage ratios analysis a. Debt to-total-assets ratio (Total liabilities/total assets) 2005 2006 % of change Total debt $22,682 $22,641 Total assets 105,748 103,234 Ratio .687 .724 5.386 b. Debt-to-equity ratio 2005 2006 % of change Total debt $22,682 $22,641 Total equity 28,506 33,098 Ratio 2.195 2.621 19.40 c. Long-term debt-to-equity ratio 2005 2006 % of change Long-term debt 15,425 $13,780 Total equity 28,506 33,098 Ratio .466 .483 3.648 d. ... Changes in liability decreased minimally but still, the increase in total assets helped drive debt to asset ratio up by 5.386 %. Since debt was almost constant in 2006, debt to equity ratio significantly went up when IBM registered a profit in the previous year, where portions of the net gain were retained as equity. 3. Activity ratio analysis a. Inventory turnover 2005 2006 % of change Net Sales 91,134 91,424 Inventory 2841 2840 Ratio 32.07 32.53 .01 b. Fixed assets turnover 2005 2006 % of change Net Sales 91,340 91,424 Net fixed assets 60,087 58,574 Ratio 1.517 1.561 2.900 c. Total assets turnover 2005 2006 % of change Net Sales $91,340 $91,424 Total Assets 105,748 103,234 Ratio .862 .886 2.784 d. Average collection period Payment terms for inventory and accounts receivable financing generally range from 30 to 90 days (IBM, 2006 pg. 79). With regard to activity ratios, IBM did a good job of maintaining its level of inventory to 2841-2840 million despite the increase in sales in 200 6 ($91,424 million). It only meant that IBM has a very good internal control and monitoring of its inventory. In sum, the activity ratio of IBM increased by 2.784 % which can be mainly attributed to its ability to maintain its inventory despite the increase in sales. With regard to collection period, IBM adopts â€Å"Payment terms for inventory and accounts receivable financing generally range from 30 to 90 days† (IBM, 2006 pg. 79). 4. Profitability ratio analysis a. Gross profit margin 2005 2006 % of change Gross profit margin 36,532 38,295 Net Sales 91,134 91,424 Ratio .401 .419 4.488 b. Operating profit margin Operating profit margin 0.134 0.146 0.012 8.95522388% c. Net profit margin ratio 2005 2006 % of change Net profit after tax 79,940 94,920 Net Sales 91,340

God of Small Things Essay Example for Free

God of Small Things Essay In â€Å"God of Small Things†, written by Arundati Roy, Roy talks about many things but one thing that stood out was her negativity of what the colonist had brought over into India. Her argument could be that the colonist brought materialism into their culture making the natives think that they need things that they really do not need. The colonist bring the thought that making money any way possible is acceptable and Roy points out that ritual dances are even being used as a way of profit. Roy is just pointing out what effect colonialism has had on the people of the native country. Like many other text from post-colonial nations â€Å"God of â€Å"Small Things† points out the negative aspect of colonialism. Roy throughout the book talks about the city of Ayemenem and the river that used to flow through it. On one side of this river there was a place called the â€Å"history house†. Roy describes this place as a worn and old abandoned estate in a couple of her chapter but in one chapter she is describing what it looks like now and how different it is from when she was just a child. In chapter five a hotel is described; this is the chapter that I think she criticizes the rich and how they have become rich. Roy is showing her disapproval for the colonist making what was once an abandoned land fill into a tourist attraction that is no longer an eye sore and is now a beautiful estate. In chapter five Rahal returned to the river she used to know as a child. She describes how it used to be compared to how it is now that she has returned. Rahal does not seem to care about progress â€Å"So now they had two harvests a year instead of one. More rice-for the price of a river† (Roy 59). Sure people were making a profit from the rice but there will always be someone that is making a profit from something. The only good thing that Roy sees from the people making barges is that there is one more harvest; there are many rewards from having another harvest and they are not recognized; it is not that she probably does not see them but she is just pointing out the negativity from the colonist. Roy continues on and describes a five-star hotel that had bought what they used to call the â€Å"Heart of Darkness†. She says that the History House no longer could be approached from the river and that the house had turned its back on Ayemenem. Roy described this place as an abandoned haunted estate that nobody ever went to when she was a child but she says that it has turned its back on Ayemenem. Once again progress is looked at in a negative way. The hotel guests were transported to the estate by a speed boat through the backwaters and Roy describes the boats as leaving a film of gasoline. She does say that the hotel does have a beautiful view but says that they try to cover up the slum part of Ayemenem, which is understandable, it is not nature, all the slum was man made and they do not want to look at slummy areas. There was not much that the hotel could do about the smell of the waist. Roy makes many assumptions about the â€Å"hotel people†. First the thoughts are that the people actually care what is going on around them, and they do not care. She calls the estate a â€Å"smelly paradise†; the guest are to get used to the smell as they have become immune to other peoples poverty; with that statement she is claiming that everyone that owns the hotel and stays there is rich and does not know what poverty taste like; everything was a matter of discipline, nothing more to them. Roy then goes on to criticize the way the people are making money; through selling their history. In chapter five Roy not only criticizes and shows the negatives of progress, with hardly any positives, but also criticizes the way the people are making a living and profit. The â€Å"hotel people† advertise their estate as a paradise with history making many sensational claims just to draw the tourist to their paradise. She called many of the buildings that had history for sale â€Å"Toy Histories†. Roy does not like the fact that these people are trying to make a profit off of their own history and culture. The biggest thing of all probably is when the hotel hires dancers to perform dances that are classic ritual dances that have actual meaning and are not just for show; six hour classics are turned in to 20 minuet shows for pleasure. The ancient ritual dances were diluted into nothing more than entertainment where at one time they had meant something to the culture that those people once love so dearly. Here it is easy to see why Roy would criticize so much but one must realize that everyone cannot be pleased and never will be pleased. The colonial effect had some good effects and had bad, but Roy again only seems to point out the negativity that the colonialism has brought to the nation. Roy brings up many problems in her native land; I know that the point of her book is to point out the negativity of post-colonialism on her country but still, point out some more good things that did come out of colonialism. In many texts it is the same way though. In â€Å"God of Small Things† it speaks negatively of people from the native land sending their children to boarding schools in Britain, not directly but you can see that she is making a point that all the negativity is geared at those from the culture who have brought British culture and British economics back to their land. Whereas in Soyinka’s â€Å"Death of the King’s Horseman†, the horseman’s son has gone to Britain to study but comes back. After coming back he sees that his father has gone against customs and he decides to take it upon himself to see that the act is fulfilled in some form or another; in this text you have a native that stayed true to his native land but in Roy’s case the natives that went to Britain did not stay true and keep up their own culture but rather adopted another’s culture. Another example of colonist having an influence on the children of the native land and infiltrating through them is in Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo’s son becomes a Christian and Okonkwo does not like that, it is the beginning of his culture being put to a halt. Roy, I do not think, is pointing out all the people who sent their children to Britain but rather that even though India was â€Å"Independent† it still had Britain’s influence impacting almost everything in daily lives. In conclusion, Roy makes descriptive negative images because it is what she sees and has seen from the start. People that have not grown up in her culture from birth and seen the changes she has seen cannot fathom what she has seen. If someone from a more developed country was to go there they would see progression as a positive aspect because it is what they have grown up with but for people in that culture they can see the negative aspects of some progress; and that is what Roy is pointing out, she does point out some positives but the majority of the description about the way society is looked at is negative. The book becomes a very dreary read and quite depressing at some points because of all the negativity and horrible things that happen. However, all of the description of even the negative parts make you really get a since of what Roy is trying to say and that is that even with all the negativity one can break barriers. At the end of the day it is not the colonist fault for making Roy’s society what is but rather the people that refuse to change what needs to be changed. It does not matter about how much negativity is directed at the colonist, if the native people do not take responsibility they are to blame just as much as the British. The negativity is not geared at the British but rather her own society and own people.

Carl Jung And Sigmund Freud English Literature Essay

Carl Jung And Sigmund Freud English Literature Essay The relationship between Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud began in 1906 when Jung sent Freud a signed copy of his published studies.   Unknown to Jung, Freud had already purchased his own copy of the book after hearing how favorably his name figured into the writings.   Six months later, Freud sent a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in Zà ¼rich.   These professional gestures began a series of meetings and correspondences between the two men that lasted for six years.   The first conversation between Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud lasted for over 13 hours.  This marked the beginning of an intense correspondence and collaboration between these two men which lasted for 7years. Freud, who was already a famous psychologist, saw this young, outspoken person as a sort of protà ©gà ©.   Freud soon became a father figure to Jung.   In one of the correspondences, Freud referred to Jung as, The Joshua to my Moses, fated to enter the Promised Land which I myself will not live to see.   Again and again he speaks of Jung as his heir, once as my successor and crown prince, and even as spirit of my spirit. In 1908, Jung became editor of the newly founded Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research.   The subsequent year, Jung and Freud traveled to the U.S., introducing psychoanalysis by means of their Fordham Lectures.  They spent about 3 months touring America. This was the most intimate time of their friendship. They had several conversations , conversations which brought forth ideological differences between the two. Jungs major disagreement with Freud stalked from their conflicting concepts of the unconscious.   Jung saw Freuds theory of the unconscious as imperfect and pointlessly negative.   According to Jung, Freud considered the unconscious solely as a storehouse of subdued emotions and desires.   At the same time Jung did agree with Freuds model of the unconscious, as Jung called the personal unconscious, but he also projected the existence of far deeper form of the unconscious, which underlies the personal one. He called it the collective unconscious where the archetypes themselves resided. This relationship and collaboration began to deteriorate as the years went on. While Freud thought of Jung as the most innovative person and his successor, he was unhappy with Jungs difference with some of the basic doctrine of Freudian theory. For example, Jung believed that Freud was too focused on sexuality as a motivating force. He also felt that Freuds concept of the unconscious was limited and overly negative. Jung argued that the unconscious could also be a source of creativity. Carl also disagreed with Freuds view that all complexes come from sexual trauma, because he had experience with psychological problem that had different origins.   Freud also did not agree with Carls views about spiritualism and parapsychology.   According to Jung, the first real crisis in their friendship came in spring 1909. Jung visited Freud in Vienna and asked his opinion on precognition and parapsychology. But Freud was too selfish and discarded this matter in a way that upset Jung. Jung speaks about a strange thing which happened at the same time. As Freud was leaving, Jung heard a very loud crack which came from the bookcase next to them, this he spoke of as an example of paranormal phenomenon, which was discarded by Freud immediately. Immediately Jung predicted that in a moment there would be another loud noise, and yes indeed there came a second loud crack from the bookcase. Freud was puzzled but this incident hoisted his mistrust towards Jung. The next crisis in their friendship came in 1910, when Freud was trying to make his sexual theory a code of belief against occultism.   According to Carl Jung, this had nothing to do with scientific judgment, but only with Freuds ambition and past.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite their difference they continued to work together until 1912.   It is believed that the break in their friendship came by Jungs publication of Symbols of Transformation, which is full of mythological symbols.   Freud dismissed Jungs interest in religion and myths as being unscientific.   This rejection embittered Jung toward his mentor.   Carl, for reasons not known instigated a rumor that a romantic relationship may have developed between Freud and his sister-in-law, Minna Bernays, who had moved into Freuds apartment.   He suggested that the affair resulted in a pregnancy and a subsequent abortion for Miss Bernays.   Freud met Jungs antagonism with increasing detachment.  Ã‚   Freud visited his colleague Ludwig Binswanger in Kreuzlingen without paying a visit to Jung in nearby Zà ¼rich.   Jung felt severely slighted by this incident, which he referred to as the Kreuzlingen gesture.    The final letter written from Sigmund Freud to Carl Jung read, Your allegation that I treat my followers as patients is demonstrably untrue. . . . It is a convention among us analysts that none of us need feel ashamed of his own neurosis. But one [meaning Jung] who while behaving abnormally keeps shouting that he is normal gives ground for the suspicion that he lacks insight into his illness. Accordingly, I propose that we abandon our personal relations entirely.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -Sigmund Freud, 1912 In 1912, Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung met in Munich among prominent colleagues to discuss psychoanalytical journals.  Freud was overcome by a sudden fainting spell At Jungs talk about his new psychoanalytic essay on Amenhotep IV.   It is said that Jung picked-up Freud, and carried him to a nearby couch.   Jung and Freud personally met for the last time in September of 1913 for the Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress, also in Munich.   Jung gave a talk on psychological types, the introverted and the extraverted type, in analytical psychology.   This talk introduced of some of the key concepts which came to distinguish Jungs work from Freuds for the next half century After Freud Parting with Freud left Jung shattered to a great extent, he resigned from the International Psychoanalytic Congress in 1914. The rivalry growing between the two was clearly visible in the letters they exchanged. At one point, Jung sarcastically wrote, your technique of treating your pupils like patients is a blunder. In that way you produce either slavish sons or impudent puppies I am objective enough to see through your little trick (McGuire, 1974). Jung soon began an intensified self-analysis (an examination of oneself) in order to discover the mysteries of the unconscious psyche. From 1913 to 1921 Jung published three important papers: Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (1916, 1917) and Psychological Types (1921). The Two Essays provided the basic ideas from which his later work was developed. He described his research on psychological typology (the classification of personalities by studying their similarities and differences)-that there are two basic classifications, or two types of personalities, in the way they relate to the world: introversion and extroversion. Introversion, in which one has the characteristic of being self-involved, withdrawn, occupied with ones inner world. Extroversion, in which one relates to the world through social involvement and has interests outside of oneself and is outgoing. He expressed the idea that it is the personal equation which, often unconsciously but in agreement with ones own typolog y, influences how an individual observes and interacts with their world. Jungs main contribution was his discovery that mans fantasy life has a certain structure. There must be subtle active centers in the unconscious which control natural behavior and free imagination. These combine to form Jungs concept of archetypes. An individual will dream on impulse, and these dreams will have a theme or story similar to a fairy tale, or a myth, from a time long past, that are unknown to the person dreaming. To Jung this meant that archetypal symptoms (memories of experiences of people from the past that are present in every persons unconscious mind) belong to human beings of all ages and from all times; they are the expression of a collective body of mans basic psychic nature. Many neurotic sufferings have happened due to a feeling of self-estrangement (the alienation of oneself from oneself) because of mans creation of a logical framework and control of his dependence on these memories of experiences that exist in the unconscious. His first achievement was to differentiate two classes of people according to attitude types: extraverted (outward-looking) and introverted (inward-looking). Later he differentiated four functions of the mind-thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition-one or more of which predominate in any given person. Results of this study were embodied in Psychologische Typen (1921; Psychological Types, 1923). As a boy Jung had some weird powerful fantasies or dreams that had developed in intensity through the years. After his break with Freud, during self analysis he deliberately allowed this aspect of himself to function again and studied the experience and responses scientifically by keeping detailed notes of the same. He later developed the theory that these experiences came from an area of the mind that he called the collective unconscious, which he held was shared by everyone. This much-contested conception was combined with a theory of archetypes that Jung held as fundamental to the study of the psychology of religion. In Jungs terms, archetypes are instinctive patterns, have a universal character, and are expressed in behaviour and images. In order to study in depth the archetypal patterns and processes, Jung visited so-called primitive tribes. He lived among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona in 1924 and 1925 and among the inhabitants of Mt. Elgon in Kenya during 1925 and 1926. He later visited Egypt and India. To Jung, the religious symbols and phenomenology (a system of beliefs developed by studying peoples understanding and awareness of themselves) of Buddhism and Hinduism and the teachings of Zen Buddhism and Confucianism all distinguished with respect to a mans experience to find a path to his inner world, a world which was badly neglected by Western civilization. Jung also searched for traditions in Western culture, which made up for its one-sided outgoing development toward reason and technology. He found these traditions in Gnosticism (belief that personal freedom comes through spiritual knowledge and understanding), Christian mysticism (the belief that instinct and spiritual feeling are the ways to find God), and, above all, occultism (knowledge or use of supernatural powers). Some of his major works are deep and clear psychological interpretations of alchemical (the ability and power to make common things special) writings, showing their living significance for understanding dreams and the hidden theme of neurotic and mental disorders. Inner development and growth of personality Jung was keen on the detailing of the stages of inner development and of the growth of the personality, which he termed the process of individuation. He said that its a strong impulse from the unconscious which guides the individual toward its most complete uniqueness. This description was the result of a lifelong task of trial and error and recognizing and connecting the contents of the unconscious. It consists in an ever-increasing self-knowledge and in becoming what you are. Character of his psychotherapy Jung devoted the rest of his life to developing his ideas, especially those on the relation between psychology and religion. In his view, obscure and often neglected texts of writers in the past shed unexpected light not only on Jungs own dreams and fantasies but also on those of his patients; he thought it necessary for the successful practice of their art that psychotherapists become familiar with writings of the old masters. Besides the development of new psychotherapeutic methods that derived from his own experience and the theories developed from them, Jung gave fresh importance to the so-called Hermetic tradition. He conceived that the Christian religion was part of a historic process necessary for the development of consciousness, and he also thought that the heretical movements, starting with Gnosticism and ending in alchemy, were manifestations of unconscious archetypal elements not adequately expressed in the mainstream forms of Christianity. He was particularly impressed with his finding that alchemical-like symbols could be found frequently in modern dreams and fantasies, and he thought that alchemists had constructed a kind of textbook of the collective unconscious. He expounded on this in 4 out of the 18 volumes that make up his Collected Works. His historical studies aided him in pioneering the psychotherapy of the middle-aged and elderly, especially those who felt their lives had lost meaning. He helped them to appreciate the place of their lives in the sequence of history. Most of these patients had lost their religious belief; Jung found that if they could discover their own myth as expressed in dream and imagination they would become more complete personalities. He called this process individuation. In later years he became professor of psychology at the Federal Polytechnical University in Zà ¼rich (1933-41) and professor of medical psychology at the University of Basel (1943). His personal experience, his continued psychotherapeutic practice, and his wide knowledge of history placed him in a unique position to comment on current events. As early as 1918 he had begun to think that Germany held a special position in Europe; the Nazi revolution was, therefore, highly significant for him, and he delivered a number of hotly contested views that led to his being wrongly branded as a Nazi sympathizer. Jung lived to the age of 85. The authoritative English collection of all Jungs published writings is Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, and Gerhard Adler (eds.), The Collected Works of C.G. Jung, trans. by R.F.C. Hull, 20 vol., 2nd ed. (1966-79). Jungs The Psychology of the Unconscious appears in revised form as Symbols of Transformation in the Collected Works. His other major individual publications include ÃÅ"ber die Psychologie der Dementia Praecox (1907; The Psychology of Dementia Praecox); Versuch einer Darstellung der psychoanalytischen Theorie (1913; The Theory of Psychoanalysis); Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology (1916); Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (1928); Das Geheimnis der goldenen Blà ¼te (1929; The Secret of the Golden Flower); Modern Man in Search of a Soul (1933), a collection of essays covering topics from dream analysis and literature to the psychology of religion; Psychology and Religion (1938); Psychologie und Alchemie (1944; Psychology and Alchemy); and Aion: Untersuchungen zur Sy mbolgeschichte (1951; Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self). Jungs Erinnerungen, Trà ¤ume, Gedanken (1962; Memories, Dreams, Reflections) is fascinating semiautobiographical reading, partly written by Jung himself and partly recorded by his secretary. In 2009 the Red Book, a manuscript that Jung wrote during the years 1914-30, was published. It was, by Jungs own account, a record of his confrontation with the unconscious. Containing both his account of his imaginings, fantasies, and induced hallucinations and his own colour illustrations, The Red Book also includes an extensive introduction and a translation into English. Jung he had to give his psychological practice, writings and explorations up in 1944 due to a severe heart attack. Carl Jungs near-death experience In a hospital in Switzerland in 1944, the world-renowned psychiatrist Carl G. Jung, had a heart attack and then a near-death experience. His vivid encounter with the light, plus the intensely meaningful insights led Jung to conclude that his experience came from something real and eternal. Jungs experience is unique in that he saw the Earth from a vantage point of about a thousand miles above it. His incredibly accurate view of the Earth from outer space was described about two decades before astronauts in space first described it. Subsequently, as he reflected on life after death, Jung recalled the meditating Hindu from his near-death experience and read it as a parable of the archetypal Higher Self, the God-image within. Carl Jung, who founded analytical psychology, centered on the archetypes of the collective unconscious. The following is an excerpt from his autobiography entitled Memories, Dreams, Reflections describing his near-death experience I felt violent resistance to my doctor because he had brought me back to life.  At the same time, I was worried about him. His life is in danger, for heavens sake! He has appeared to me in his primal form! When anybody attains this form it means he is going to die, for already he belongs to the greater company. Suddenly the terrifying thought came to me that the doctor would have to die in my stead. I tried my best to talk to him about it, but he did not understand me. Then I became angry with him. In actual fact I was his last patient.  On April 4, 1944 I still remember the exact date I was allowed to sit up on the edge of my bed for the first time since the beginning of my illness, and on this same day the doctor took to his bed and did not leave it again.  I heard that he was having intermittent attacks of fever.  Soon afterward he died of septicernia. He was a good doctor; there was something of the genius about him. Otherwise he would not have appeared to me as an avatar of the temporal embodiment of the primal form. Women in Jungs life While traveling to the United States together in 1909, Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud passed the time by interpreting each others dreams. Fifty years later in Memories, Dreams, Reflections, Jung wrote about a dream he believed Freud was unable to accurately interpret. In the dream, Jung was living on the second floor of a two-story dwelling when he decided to explore the contents of the ground floor. On that level all the furniture and decorations were old, dating perhaps to the 15th or 16th century. After exploring that floor, Jung set about to explore the whole house. He found a stone stairway leading to the cellar where he discovered artifacts that dated to ancient Roman times. Descending even deeper, he came upon a dusty cave with scattered bones, broken pottery, and two human skulls. He then awoke. Jung later accepted this dream as evidence for different levels of the psyche. The upper floor had an inhabited atmosphere and represented consciousness, the top layer of the psyche. The ground floor was the first layer of the unconscious-old but not as alien or ancient as the Roman artifacts in the cellar, which symbolized a deeper layer of the personal unconscious. In the cave, Jung discovered remains of a primitive culture, that is, the world of the primitive man within myself-a world which can scarcely be reached or illuminated by consciousness (Jung, 1961, p. 160). After Jung described the dream, Freud became interested in the two skulls in the cave, but not as collective unconscious material. Instead, he insisted that Jung associate them to some wish. Who did Jung wish dead? Not yet completely trusting his own judgment, Jung answered, My wife and my sister-in-law-after all, I had to name someone whose death was worth the wishing! I was newly married at the time and knew perfectly well that there was nothing within myself which pointed to such wishes (Jung, 1961, pp. 159-160). Although Jungs interpretation of this dream may be more accurate than Freuds, it is quite possible that Jung did indeed wish for the death of his wife. At that time (1909), Jung was not newly married but had been married for nearly 7 years, and for the past 5 of those years he was deeply involved in a sexual relationship with a former patient named Sabina Spielrein. Frank McLynn (1996) has alleged that Jung was a notorious womanizer who frequently had affairs with his patients and former patients. He claimed that Jungs mother complex caused him to harbor animosity toward his wife while destining him to a life of promiscuity. McLynn, who is extremely antagonistic toward Jung, may have exaggerated Jungs promiscuity, but little doubt exists that Jung had several extramarital affairs. In a letter to Freud dated January 30, 1910, Jung wrote: The prerequisite for a good marriage, it seems to me, is the license to be unfaithful (McGuire, 1974, p. 289). Spielrein had begun her association with Jung as his patient, but the relationship soon turned into a sexual one. In spite of this sexual relationship, Jung continued to analyze Spielrein and eventually conducted a training analysis that enabled her to become a psychoanalyst. John Kerr (1993) has argued effectively that the feminine voice that spoke to Jung in the form of his anima was that of Spielrein. In Memories, Dreams, Reflections, Jung (1961) wrote that he recognized the voice as that of a patient, a talented psychopath who had a strong transference to me (p. 185). If Spielrein had a strong transference to Jung, then he reciprocated with a strong countertransference to her. Spielrein may have been the first female patient that Jung took as a lover, but she was not the last. The most visible of all Jungs affairs was with Antonia (Toni) Wolff, a dark-eyed beauty who first met Jung in 1910 when she was 22 years old. Like Sabina Spielrein, Wolff began her association with Jung as a patient, became his lover, received a training analysis, and became an analyst. When Jung descended into the depths of his unconscious after his break with Freud, it was Toni Wolff, not Emma Jung, who helped him retain his sanity and eventually emerge from that dangerous journey. Jung became so deeply dependent on Wolff that he pressured his wife to allow him to openly carry on his affair with Toni. Emma reluctantly and unhappily agreed. McLynn paints a picture of Emma, Carl, and Toni in a menage à   trois, but such was not the case. Alan Elmss (1994) description of this relationship is probably more accurate. According to Elms, Jung spent Wednesday evenings with Toni, and Toni cane to the Jung household for Sunday dinner with Carl, Emma, and the children, who were no more pleased than their mother over this arrangement. Jung and Wolff continued their affair for at least 2 decades and made no attempt to hide the relationship. Nevertheless, the name Toni Wolff does not appear in Jungs autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Elms discovered that Jung had written a whole chapter on Toni Wolff, a chapter that was never published. The absence of Tonis name in Jungs autobiography is probably due to the hatred of Jungs children for Wolff. They remembered when she had carried on openly with their father, and they harbored some lifelong resentment toward her. As adults with some veto power over what appeared in their fathers posthumously published autobiography, they were not in a generous mood to perpetuate knowledge of the affair. By age 60, Toni Wolff had developed arthritis and had lost most of her physical attractiveness. Three years later, she died, no longer Jungs friend or companion. Jung did not attend the funeral of the woman who served him as a second wife and rescued him from a severe midlife crisis. One final, rather unsavory note on Jungs relationships with women is his claim that Freud had had an affair with his own sister-in-law Minna Bernays. In 1957, Jung told John Billinsky, an American psychologist, that at the first meeting between Jung and Freud in Vienna in 1907, Minna Bernays pulled Jung aside and confessed that she was having an affair with Freud. According to Billinsky (1969), Jung told him: Soon I met Freuds wifes younger sister. She was very good-looking and she not only knew enough about psychoanalysis but also about everything that Freud was doing. When, a few days later, I was visiting Freuds laboratory, Freuds sister-in-law asked if she could talk with me. She was very much bothered by her relationship with Freud and felt guilty about it. From her I learned that Freud was in love with her and that their relationship was indeed very intimate. It was a shocking discovery to me, and even now I can recall the agony I felt at the time. (p. 42) Since Billinskys article appeared, scholars have debated the validity of Jungs claims. Other than Jungs story, little evidence exists that Freud was romantically linked to Minna Bernays-or any woman other than his wife. Although Jungs mind remained clear until his death in 1961, his memory of Minnas confession was 50 years old. Also, Jung described Minna as very good-looking. Beauty, of course, is subjective, but few people would view photographs of Minna Bernays and pronounce her as very good-looking. At almost all stages of her life, she was quite plain-looking and not nearly as pretty as her sister Martha Bernays Freud. In addition, it does not seem likely that Minna Bernays, having known Jung for only a very short period of time, would have called him aside and confessed having an affair with Freud. Perhaps Jungs claim that Freud had a sexual relationship with Minna tells us more about Carl Jung than it does about either Sigmund Freud or Minna Bernays. Professional Accomplishments In 1957, Jung wrote The Undiscovered Self (1957), which took on a nostalgic tone in reflection of his previous works and theories. In this relatively short book, Jung considers mans position in relation to the state, church, himself and the meanings of each of those relations. Backed with little to no noted empirical evidence, Jung wrote eloquently about philosophical matters in psychological terms. This work was a typical example of how Jung tended to relate all matters to a handful of topics, such as religion, state, and so on. One of Jungs more creative works was On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry (1978). He started this piece by noting the difference between the simple creation of art and its essence. Anyone can simply put ink on paper or canvas, but an artist is inspired. Again, he related art to religion as they were both psychic phenomena and occur on different levels within different people. Art came from two main places, the individual creating the art with all of his or her expectation, intentions, faults, etc, and what he called the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious was like a living entity which used man as a medium to create. It was also explained as a river of timeless thoughts common to all people. The collective unconscious helped regulate cultures and helped inspire individuals. Inspired art can trigger a certain understanding between people across cultures, time, gender and age. There may be something common, that everyone can relate to. According to Jung, th is was the essence of art. In his autobiography Memories, Dreams, Reflections, which was published after his death, Jung wrote about his near-death experience. He recalled seeing the earth from outer space, noting each main body of land and ocean. He then came across a Hindu sitting and waiting for him in front of a temple he had seen in his life. The entire body of his works could be remembered so that he could view his accomplishments. He had feelings of being care-free and peaceful. Jung described the feeling as a middle of something without a beginning or end. The answers, it seemed, would be found in the temple. But before he could enter, his attention was shifted to the doctors bringing him back to life. That was the end of his vision. Jung Love: Sabina Spielrein, a forgotten pioneer of psychoanalysis Sabina Spielrein was an 18yr old who was brought in as a patient of Jung. Just before his association with Freud. Hospital records show that Sabina laughs and cries in a strangely mixed, compulsive manner. Masses of tics; she rotates her head jerkily, sticks out her tongue, twitches her legsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Cannot stand people or noise. The notes are written by a newly qualified Dr Jung. He diagnosed her hysteric. Jung was enthusiastic to take on this case as it would help him discover the mysteries of the brain and the unconscious which affected the conscious mind and altered human behavior. Jung decided to try out a new technique on her, one hed read about in a book by Sigmund Freud. This was psychoanalysis, and the technique was the talking technique. Jung was principally keen on the word-association experiment: a series of random words were fired at the patient, who had to respond with the first thing that came to mind. Jung noticed that mentions of the girls father provoked grimaces and gestures of abhorrence. Gradually Jung discovered that Sabinas , has the odd habit of buying everything she sees. She then has to borrow from relatives and there is constant anxiety that the father might find out about this. Also that her mother competed with her adolescent daughter for the attentions of various men. Spielreins father, meanwhile insults and tyrannises the family, frequently going wild and threatening suicide. Spielrein is always afraid that he will kill himself. Moreover, he frequently beat Sabina on her bare buttocks in a special room away from the family. Sabina, the eldest of five terrorized children (the youngest died of typhoid aged six), eventually confessed to Jung that she felt sexual excitement when her father beat her. Jung also came across a fact that Spielreins mother had raised Sabina in complete sexual ignorance, which explains her confused reaction to these oddly intimate episodes with her father. Either way, she came to conflate suffering both physical and emotional with love. Jung achieved success with Spielrein within the first year with his new technique. Sabina was cured to such an extent that Sabina started living independently in Zurich and studying medicine at the university. Jung later claimed (in a letter to Freud, with whom hed started corresponding during Spielreins treatment) that he maintained contact with her only because he feared a relapse. But Sabina did not feel so in 1906 she wrote to him I love you too much,. A year later Jung rather lewdly told Freud, she admits that her greatest wish is to have a child by me. For that purpose I would naturally have to let the bird out first. Its clear from Jungs letters that they had an intimate relation and they were meeting every few days, in her flat so you are less inhibited or taking boat rides so we can be alone. In 1908, when she went to Russia for the summer, Jung wrote, I realise how much more attached I am to you than I ever thought. The intense relation was carried on for five years. Once Spielreins mother received an anonymous letter (probably from Jungs wife), which provoked her to write to Jung asking him not to ruin the girl he had saved. His reply is remarkably coldhearted: You do understand that a man and a girl cannot possibly continue indefinitely to have friendly dealings with one another without the likelihood that something more may enter the relationship. Until then, Jung and Spielreins meetings had been social. If she wanted him to remain strictly professional, he suggested, she should resume paying him : My fee is 10 francs per consultation. The rumour was widespread enough to reach Freud in Vienna. Jung, terrified for his reputation, wrote to him that a woman patient had kicked up a vile scandal. He went on to say that he offered her friendship only to realise she was of course systematically planning my seduction. He admitted, however that, during the whole business Grosss notions [he was referring to Otto Gross, an

Remembering the Disremembered Essay -- History Historians Society Essa

Remembering the Disremembered Everybody knew what she was called, but nobody anywhere knew her name. Disremembered and unaccounted for, she cannot be lost because no one is looking for her, and even if they were, how can they call her if they don't know her name? Although she has claim, she is not claimed. In the place where long grass opens, the girl who waited to be loved and cry shame erupts into her separate parts, to make it easy for the chewing laughter to swallow her all away. It was not a story to pass on. - Toni Morrison, Beloved To write history means giving dates their physiognomy. - Walter Benjamin For philosopher, essayist and critic Walter Benjamin, history is catastrophe. Standing as he does at the dawn of World War II and reflecting back on the devastation of the First World War, Benjamin sees history stretched out before him and knows that it marches forward, goosestepping over the prone bodies of those who could not keep up with its procession, toward a future that can be no more or no less brutal and devastating than the past has already proved to be. What hope there is rests in humanity's ability to remember the experiences of those crushed under this catastrophic progression and to account for them in the narratives of our traditions. The repository of these disremembered experiences, and the one whose task it is to incorporate them into our present, is the storyteller. The storyteller offers the images which can effectively stop the progression of history and creates a conduit through which the "disremembered and unaccounted for" can convey their experience. The on-going progression of history continually produces new catastrophes and brutalizes new bodies; thus we are in constant ... ... Harris, Trudier. Fiction and Folklore: The Novels of Toni Morrison. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1991. Mobley, Marilyn Sanders. "A Different Remembering: Memory, History, and Meaning in Beloved." In Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Appiah, K. A., eds. Amistad Literary Series. New York: Amistad. 1993. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: New American Library, 1987. Russell, Sandi. "It's OK to say OK." In Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. McKay, Nellie Y., ed. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1988. Tiedemann, Rolf. "Historical Materialism or Political Messianism? An Interpretation of the Theses 'On the Concept of History.'" In Benjamin: Philosophy, Aesthetics, History. Smith, Gary, ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1989. Wolin, Richard. Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic of Redemption. New York: Columbia UP, 1982.

The Success of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) :: Business Economics

The Success of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) On January 1, of 1994 a new approach to trade amongst North American countries took effect. With the aid of the United States Congress, President Bill Clinton was able to form a contract between The North American Countries of Canada, Mexico, and The United States of America. This contract, known as the North American Free Trade Agreement (or Nafta for short) was designed with many economic results in mind. Hopes were that not only would trade be easier, cheaper, and more abundant for all countries evolved, but economic wealth and growth would follow. Support for Nafta was split among most citizens of this country. One side seeing the proposal as having the potential for great economic success in each country involved. The other announcing that this plan would prove to be terribly detrimental to United States employment. Nearly six years after coming into effect the question still remains Is Nafta in the best interest of the United States? And what can we expect of it in the fu ture? Since the implication of free trade between the three countries of North America back in 1994 the effects of that agreement are just now becoming apparent, both short term and long term. There was little doubt as to how both Canada and most definitely Mexico would benefit from Nafta. What was yet to be seen was the impact it had on previous concerns of the United States.(Contesting Globalization) Most economists and even ordinary citizens could understand Canada and Mexico’s enthusiasm when free trade, destroying tariffs, was proposed. After all, the United States has long been the major consumer of exported goods in both countries. No longer having to pay taxes on goods imported into the United States meant larger sales and more profits for all Canadian and Mexican businesses. These profits were foreseen as perpetual economic boosts in their respective country. These boosts created opportunities for more workers to be hired, lowering unemployment and helping to improve t he quality of life of citizens in both countries. Not only did removing the tariffs make it possible for companies and manufacturers of Canada and Mexico to increase profits it also lowered to price of foreign goods. These new lower prices were now able to compete with the domestic products in the United States.

Diversity in the Workplace Essay

This diversity audit begins with a background about the company, as well as some important information about key Diversity executives. What will be addressed in the audit are what efforts Johnson & Johnson made to foster diversity competence and understand, what efforts were made in furthering the knowledge or awareness about diversity, what strategies were used to address the challenges of diversity and how will you ensure that your leaders and managers will be committed to the diversity initiative. The audit concludes with a quote from the vice president of recruiting at Johnson and Johnson, as well as their Diversity and Inclusion Programs and Activities from the Johnson and Johnson Website. In 1886 three brothers, Robert Wood Johnson, James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson, fount the Johnson & Johnson company in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Today, the company employs approximately 128,700 people with more than 275 operating companies in more than 60 countries. The worldwide hea dquarters remains in New Brunswick, New Jersey. The company prides itself in caring for everyone in the world, they feel this inspires and unites the people who work there. Johnson & Johnson is the world’s sixth largest consumer healthy company, the world’s largest and most diverse medical device and diagnostic company, the world’s fifth largest biologics company and the world’s eighth largest pharmaceutical company. These companies together touch the lives of more than a billion people throughout the world every single day. This company, without a doubt, knows what diversity is. Their product line in itself is so diverse that I would say that diversity is what this company was built on and continues to grow from. They offer health care products that go from taking care of a skin blemish or a headache, to beautifying your hair and teeth products, to products used for metastatic breast cancer, hip placements and coronary stents, to prescription drug products treating everything from migraines to cancer a nd serious infections. According to  the company website, diversity is described as follows, â€Å"People and values are our greatest assets. Diversity is a central part of the cultures across the Johnson & Johnson Family of Companies. It’s a key to our people’s passion for improving the health and well-being of people the world over. Further, our commitment to diversity and inclusion is deeply rooted in the values instilled by Our Credo and is exemplified in a number of our companies’ programs and activities. We recognize that differences in age, race, gender, nationality, sexual orientation, physical ability, thinking style and background bring richness to our work environments. Such differences help us connect better with the health needs of people in communities around the world. We believe that attracting, developing and retaining a base of employees that reflects the diversity of our customers is essential to our success. We also believe success hinges on relationships with diverse professional and patient organizations, civic groups and suppliers†. (jnj.com) In addition, Johnson and Johnson offers mentoring programs and leadership development programs to ensure personal professional growth. During my research I found that Johnson & Johnson has supporting affinity groups that has strengthened the impact of diversity not only within the organization, but in the community as well. Some of these groups include the Community of Asian Associates at Johnson and Johnson, South Asian Professional Network and Association, Gay and Lesbian Organization for Business and Leadership, Women’s Leadership Initiative, African-American Leadership Council and Hispanic Organization for Leadership and Achievement. These groups are just the tip of the iceberg as far as diversity for Johnson & Johnson. A key executive, Anthony P. Carter is Vice President of Global Diversity and Inclusion, as well as Chief Divers ity Officer for Johnson and Johnson. In an article from Diversity Global Magazine, Mr. Carter was named a 2013 Diversity Executive of Distinction. The article stated that Mr. Carter’s focus on developing cutting edge Diversity and Inclusion programs and strategies is successful because it is aligned with the company’s strategic business objective. As I researched deeper into the company’s responsibility to its customers, employees, communities and shareholders I found that Johnson & Johnson’s respect towards these groups of people who keep the company alive is supported by Anthony’s implementation and design of an inclusive global organizational system, as  well as Diversity and Inclusion incentives. He has further developed opportunities for Johnson and Johnson to maximize their diversity. He oversees an office that implements programs such as Crossing the Finish Line, which is a career acceleration program for people of color. Programs such as these are crucial in developing world-class diverse leaders. An interesting quote by Anthony P. Carter sums up his role nicely, â€Å"Diversity and inclusion describe how we can work together to bring innovative ideas, products and services together to advance the health, well-being and the quality of life of those we serve.† (Diversity Global) In the article Harnessing Diversity to Affect the Bottom Line by Ron Dory, it was noted that one of Carter’s best practices in relation to diversity is the use of ERGs (Employee Resource Groups), which have brought in new markets and impacted the company’s growth in a positive way. Johnson and Johnson prides itself in it’s membership in the Billion Dollar Roundtable, an elite group of companies that spend a billion dollars annually on women owned and minority owned suppliers. Johnson & Johnson’s use of Employee Resource Groups or ERGs as an organization where people who share a culture or background, for example gender, ethnic, religion or age, can meet to rejoice within their culture or address issues in relation. ERGs are often chartered organizations and have volunteer leaders and business plans that are in alignment with the organizations goals and bring value to the company. Mr. Carter’s use of ERGs at Johnson & Johnson has allowed everyone to see that they are not the same but different while trying to achieve the same goals and objectives. He has also advised other companies to not move towards being the same or creating an organization where differences are not acknowledged. It appears the ERGs have allowed diversity to take a strong root within Johnson & Johnson. The have led to the company receiving numerous awards as leaders in diversity. As an example, Johnson and Johnson continue to develop world-class leaders. In September 2013, The United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce (USHCC) announced this year’s Corporate Advocate of the Year, and the award went to Johnson and Johnson’s Chief Procurement Officer for Medical Devices/Supplier Diversity, Ruben Taborda. The president and CEO of USHCC stated, â€Å"Ruben Taborda is a visionary leader who has demonstrated an unwavering commitment to fostering business relationships between minority-owned enterprises and corporate America. Mr.  Taborda is a true role model, leading by example, committed to providing concrete growth opportunities for Hispanic businesses throughout the nation.† (Global Newswire) Ruben Taborda is just another example of the success Johnson & Johnson has had implementing diversity programs throughout their company. Just from my audit I have seen their success with women, Hispanics and many other minority situations. They truly believe in what they stand for and what they are trying to accomplish in the diversity arena. In retrospect, even though Johnson and Johnson has an impeccable reputation regarding diversity, even to the point that the company thrives from the immense diversity, it is always on the top of the list of the best places work and was one of Divers ity Incs. Top Companies for Diversity, problems arise sometimes when employees or perspective employees do not see it the same way. Examples of this come in the form of lawsuits against the company for discrimination. One case in particular, Francine Parham, vice president of human resources was always bothered that there was a lack of minorities in the high positions within the company. She filed a lawsuit claiming that she did not receive a promotion because she is African-American and was then fired for speaking out against â€Å"a corporate culture of discrimination† (Gordon). Perham stated that in the lawsuit that she was told by her supervisor that he envisioned a promotion for her within the next twelve months and that she never got the promotion because that position was eliminated and that she was not qualified for a higher position even though she had excellent performance review. Perham also alleged that less qualified white men and women were promoted to higher positions and she believes this was because she is black. She also pointed out the lack of diversity at the top. Johnson and Johnson’s responded, â€Å"We have a deeply established commitment to diversity and incl usion in the workplace and deny the allegations in this case†(Gordon). There were two other cases, one in which an African American and one a Hispanic, filed similar lawsuits, accusing Johnson and Johnson of paying them lower wages and denying promotions to people of color. After ten years, that case was dismissed. Despite the fact that five of the highest-paid executives at Johnson and Johnson are white, four of them being men, and ten of the twelve directors are white with no women of color on the board, Calvert Investments still rated Johnson and Johnson’s diversity an 85 out of 100. They have an  abundance of internal minority groups and minority recruitment outreach efforts, they are a strategic partner of Minority Business Round Table and they sponsor scholarships for minority students. (Gordon) I believe that companies such as Johnson and Johnson, with such outstanding reviews regarding diversity, and notable for their roles in diversity, are sometimes an easy target for people who are looking for lawsuit settlements. Reverse discrimination plays a large part in this process. It is very easy for a person, especially one of a protected class, to claim discrimination, especially against mega companies such as Johnson and Johnson. These people know that the company would not want their reputation tainted so they make false claims to try and get whatever they can from the company. So the five highest paying executive in Johnson and Johnson may be white, but they also may be the most qualified, they may have worked the hardest to get to that point and they may be the most dedicated thereby deserving every dollar they earn. In my own experience, in managing a small local business, it is the qualified, hard-working, dedicated and reliable employee that will be promoted, no matter what the race, gender, religion, etc. According to Global Dynamics Inc., â€Å"leading healthcare provider, Johnson and Johnson has been rated, by Diversity Inc. Magazine as the #1 company for promoting diversity and inclusion in the U.S. Diversity and Inclusion (D&I) are regarded as critical factors in making Johnson and Johnson one of the â€Å"best places to work† in the U.S†. Although Johnson and Johnson met some challenges when they wanted to expand its Diversity and Inclusion initiative globally, they succeeded in meeting those challenges and the initiative was a success. Town hall meetings led by local leaders and web-based training reached several countries within the regions, live video conferences and live international video meetings were introduced and became groundbreaking for Johnson and Johnson. This resulted in improved employee morale, productivity and communication. (Global-Dynamics) In conclusion, my diversity audit of Johnson and Johnson showed they are a major player in the diversity arena. They have diverse employees, market their products to diverse groups and have initiatives in place to expand lead their company diversity even further in the future. An article in the NY Times sums it well by stating, â€Å"Johnson and Johnson’s achievements in diversity, in concept and in practice, succeed in bringing value to all those  con stituents† (Forsythe). Johnson & Johnson is a company that is focused on building their brand by building superior products and understanding the importance of diversity in achieving success in the global marketplace. They have made diversity an integral part of their processes including procurement, supply chain, product development, information management, sales and marketing, and community service. My audit research of Johnson & Johnson showed they are a worldwide leader in all of the above and they make a concerted effort to lead other companies in the same direction. Having all the initiatives and being part of outside organizations that push diversity allows them to exert pressure necessary to achieve diversity in the workplace throughout the world. The NY Times article also quoted Marjorie Geller, Vice President of Recruiting as saying â€Å"There’s no question about it, our commitment to diversity has a powerful impact on our recruitment and our talent-development processes, as well as the products we offer to customers. We try very hard to assure that our diverse culture translates into value for our customers, our employees, our communities and our stockholders† (Forsythe). The following is the Diversity and Inclusion Programs and Activities from the Johnson and Johnson Website: Throughout our companies, a wealth of programs and activities support our belief that a diverse, inclusive culture is essential to business success. Following is a sampling of these activities. Employee Resource Groups Employee resource groups are voluntary, employee-driven groups that focus on shared interests and experiences and look to apply those perspectives to initiatives that create value for the enterprise. These groups provide support, networking as well as personal and professional enrichment opportunities for their members such as mentoring, community outreach, supplier diversity, career development and cultural awareness activities. Mentoring Programs Mentoring is widely offered throughout the Johnson & Johnson Family of Companies as formal or informal programs. We look to expand learning opportunities and support development of a diverse workforce by making these  nurturing relationships available to an ever increasing number of employees across the enterprise. In the spring of 2010, Johnson & Johnson introduced a custom, web-enabled mentoring service called Mentoring Works! that contributes to the Global Diversity & Inclusion strategic objective of building a culture of inclusion. Mentoring Works! is an enabler for talent development, employee engagement, and effective knowledge transfer as it makes it easier for people to connect, network and learn from each other. Diversity University Recognizing that education is essential to learning about the benefits of diversity and inclusion, we have established the Johnson & Johnson Diversity University. Diversity University is a dynamic online website designed to help employees build the competencies and the skills needed to understand and value differences and the benefits of working collaboratively to meet our Credo commitments and business goals. Diversity University includes a variety of guides, toolkits and resources for self-guided learning; a strong elearning curriculum that includes Diversity & Inclusion Fundamentals, Building Trusting Relationships in a Global and Diverse Environment, and Leveraging Diverse Thinking Styles: The Whole Brain ® Advantage; as well as links to other interactive portals providing cross-cultural education and skill building exercises. Office of Diversity & Inclusion The Office of Diversity & Inclusion was formed as a functional group within Johnson & Johnson to drive diversity & inclusion as a business imperative and to ensure a competitive advantage. The Chief Diversity Officer reports directly to the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Johnson & Johnson. The team serves as business catalysts, executing a global diversity strategy that enables Johnson & Johnson to win in the global marketplace. (JNJ.com) Also of interest is the following web address which shows the details of Johnson and Johnsons Diversity and Inclusion Business Model: http://www.jnj.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Global%2BDI%2BCall%2BOut.pdf References: Diversity Global. Retrieved from: http://www.diversityglobal.com/tops.aspx?id=Anthony-P-Carter-1449 Dory, R. Harnessing Diversity to Affect the Bottom Line. Epoch Times (Oct 10, 2013). Retrieved from: http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/313845-harnessing-diversity-to-affect-the-bottom-line/ Forsythe, J. (2005) Leading With Diversity. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/marketing/jobmarket/diversity/jandj.html Global-Dynamics (2013). Retrieved from: http://www.global-dynamics.com/johnson-johnson Globe Newswire (2013). Retrieved from: http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2013/09/25/575887/10049970/en/USHCC-Honors-Ruben-Taborda-of-Johnson-Johnson-with-Corporate-Advocate-of-the-Year-Award.html Gordon, C. Fired Johnson & Johnson Exec Claims ‘Culture Of Discrimination (July 2013) Retrieved from: http://jobs.aol.com/articles/2013/07/15/fired-johnson-and-johnson-discrimination/[->0] JNJ.com (2013). Retrieved from: http://www.jnj.com/about-jnj/diversity [->0] – http://jobs.aol.com/articles/2013/07/15/fired-johnson-and-johnson-

Internet Banking Fraud †Clive Peeters Case

One of the most common forms of employee fraud that we have been seeing for quite some time involves access to internet banking. Businesses often have two signatories for company cheques but allow full single user access to their internet banking. The result is an accident waiting to happen. An internet banking fraud of $20 million was reported today in the Sydney Morning Herald involved the payroll manager of listed white goods retailer, Clive Peeters. Full story : http://business. smh. com. au/business/employee-admits-stealing-20m-20090811-eh02. tml In that case, the payroll manager invested in proceeds of her fraud in real estate and cars, so the company is hoping to recover some or all of their monies. However in most cases that we have seen, the money is spent or gambled and their is very little or nothing to recover. Other similarities to the cases that we have seen: †¢the amount of the fraud is always larger than expected. The estimates of the Clive Peeters fraud went fro m $2 million to $7 million to $20 million. †¢the fraud was conducted over a longer period than expected. The current estimate is that the fraud was operating for 18 months. It is vitally important where a business is using internet banking that a two signatory approval for any payments or transfers is put in place. The standard internet banking software provided by the banks is inadequate for business use because it lacks the necessary internal controls. Speak to your bank about obtaining the higher security, multiple signatory version of internet banking. Unfortunately, in our experience, it is not easy to obtain and you have to speak to many people in the bank before you get someone you knows anything about it.

Cultural and Heritage with Malaysian Cuisine

CULTURAL AND HERITAGE WITH MALAYSIAN CUISINE â€Å"Malaysia†, land of diverse society, unique with its multi cultural population is renowned among international travellers for uniqueness of different races that can live together harmoniously. Famous for its world wonder destinations, be it island, rainforest, or cultural spots, Malaysia has a lot to offer for tourist seeking adventure, leisure and entertainment. One of the major elements of Malaysian tourism is the vast choices of delicacies which comprise the ethnic food from three major races in Malaysia which is Malay, Chinese and Indian.However, there are also other minor ethnic groups such as Peranakan and ethnic group from Sarawak and Sabah which blends in the food culture of Malaysia. This embodies the concept of One Malaysia which unifies all races as Malaysians. Over the past few years, the ethnic cuisines were integrated among the races, creating a new food infusion which is called the â€Å"Malaysian Cuisine† . Food such as Nasi Lemak no longer associated with Malays, whereas Roti Canai and Char Kuey Teow are no longer related to the Indian and Chinese.Integration of food culture had constituted to evolution of new Malaysian image in terms of signature cuisine that it can offer. Today, Malaysian Cuisine had colours the new era of food wonders in the country creating a wondrous ownership of every ethnic cuisine to all races within Malaysia. Now, tourist from all over the world can enjoy and devour Malaysian Cuisines which comprises variety of food selection such as Laksa, Satay, Wantan Noodles and so forth. Upon returning to their homeland, tourist can bring their unique experiences and pass the word to others.This will benefit the country as indirectly foreigners will start recognizing the Malaysian Cuisines and later might have the intention to try it hence, contributing to increase in Malaysian tourism. Although in the global world of modernization, Malaysian Cuisines remained as one o f the cultural and heritage elements of Malaysia. Foods for long had always been the indicator of one ethnic culture and heritage. If we glance on each race in Malaysia we can see how food can instantly describe an individual characteristic.For instance, if we say â€Å"Tosai†, we will know that it’s an Indian food. Indians wear Sarees and Kurta, they celebrate Deepavali and Thaipusam, their religion is Hinduism and Bharatanatyam is their traditional dance. This is how food cannot be separated and always be associated to one special ethnic. Same goes to Malaysian Cuisine, when a foreigner convey â€Å"Malaysian Cuisine†, they will directly distinguish Malaysia as, located in South East Asia, having multi racial community, rich with unique culture, very warm and friendly people as well as hot and spicy foods.This is how food can directly interpret and describe an individual or a nation, therefore distinguishing it from others. Technological advancement and modern ization of lifestyles are inevitable as a country begin to develop and moving towards era of globalization. This phenomenon brings enormous impact towards the culture and heritage of Malaysian Cuisine. Preparations of foods are largely effected with the introduction of latest machineries and equipments that modernize the way of cooking. Kuih Bahulu for example is used to be prepared manually by beating eggs in large bowls until it is fluffy and have the right consistency.However, by using specific machine, preparation time is cut in half thus, saving largely on time and energy. Modernization of food preparation, often being questioned in terms of its quality and heritage. Will this new way of food preparation maintain the taste and the quality of the dishes? Can the traditional ways of food preparation being preserve for the next generation to come? These questions always linger around the elderly, as some of them might be reluctant to accept modernization of food preparations. For them, traditional ways of preparation need to be preserved as it is part of our heritage.Beside of the many benefits seen, globalization on the other hand also invited contenders and modification to our Malaysian Cuisine. Years ago, since the early incoming of foreigners to Tanah Melayu, the ethnic food was able to maintain and preserve the originality in elements of ingredient used, preparation and taste of food. Now with globalization, abundance of Western ingredients flooded the food market giving new options for cooking style and selection of foods to be tried on. Moreover, foreign ingredients have been integrated in our Malaysian Cuisine causing it to gradually change over time.With the new generation living a fast paced life and being more health conscious, Malaysian Cuisine needs to be diversified according to current needs. The challenges are to maintain the originality of food but at the same time able to adapt to the new changing environment such as usage of new ingredient s by considering diet and health and ways of food preparation that is time savvy. It is recommended that Malaysian Cuisine is given an extra consideration and thoughtfulness. As part of our culture and heritage, the governing bodies can promote this by introducing food tourism internationally in order to encourage tourist visitation.Other players in the industry can play their parts in introducing food tourism via tour packages, internet, and local and international events as well as advertisement. This cooperation which have multiplier effects need to be continuous and firm so that all stakeholders in the country can benefit largely from it. Preservation of Malaysian Cuisine as one of the elements in our cultural and heritage terrain is exceptionally significant in order for the coming generation to continue savours our food culture.Furthermore, as food is one of the cultural elements of a nation, tourist yearns for exploration on distinctive delicacy that they never tried before, consequently creating importance in ensuring continuous tourism development of the country. Undoubtedly, food cannot be separated from being culturally related and a heritage to be retained among a country. For Malaysian Cuisine, as pride of the nation we must be proud to possess such an exquisite food culture and heritage, and be blessed with the tranquillity and unity that our food culture entails.