Concepts of Deterrence and Diplomacy

Concepts of Deterrence and Diplomacy Previously, the paper has examined what diplomacy is and its types. Through the previous discussion, human and politic capability seen as the main player in carries-out diplomacy. Through this chapter, the paper will discuss on deterrence as diplomacy means. With quoted the words from Carl Von Clausewitz, a military strategist and theorist: War is the simple continuation of diplomacy by other means. On the words, Carl Von Clausewitz emphasized that war is not only as an actor in politic, thus as the instrument in politic. War could influence politic decision making.[1] Nowadays, WMD might be used as another diplomatic means to achieve one countrys goals. Deterrence is significant theory in Strategic Studies and in International Relations as well. Since the age of Cold War, chiefly on Cuban Missile Crisis event, deterrence has been viewed and used as the greatest mediator to attempt influence the decision making of the states. Deterrence can be ciphered as social and politic relations primarily enable one party in influencing the other party action. Deterrence is implemented and executed to ensure its opponents abide by its will.[2] On the other words, deterrence is a belief on strategic capability to avoid or prevent itself from being attacked by its opponents the opponents believe that it is not worth to take a military action on the state (Charles W. Kegley Jr. and Eugene R. Wittkopf, 1998). TYPES OF DETERRENCE On this chapter, the paper will examine the types of deterrence as well on the previous chapter which is study on the types of diplomacy. There are three types of deterrence that has been identified by military analysts namely deterrence by denial, deterrence by punishment and deterrence by defeat. Deterrence by denial can be described as the country would not to initiate war when the country assured it could not win the battle.[3] On the other words, State A will attempt to convince State B will not achieve its military-political goals if State B undertakes a military action. As a consequence, the war could be evaded.[4] Meanwhile the country that might to initiate or engage a war would not to do so because the country convinced that it would impose unacceptable damage (as the aftermath or punishment if involve in war) if the country attack the other country this statement portrays what is deterrence by punishment. State A will endeavor to indicate State B that it (State A) will retaliate by obliterating assets that State B highly values if State B commits a particular action such as an invasion. In this context, State A should have great political power (as threat) to deter State B from committing the act. In the other hands, the deterrence will fail if State B acts despite the threat.[5] Deterrence by punishment may be posed an action on other states industry, population, or even the lives of its leader. (Keith B. Payne and C. Dale Walton, 2002). Through-out the words, we can conclude that the purpose of deterrence by punishment is to shape opponents decision making by signal them the aftermath or cost that the opponents will to bear of. While deterrence by defeat shows the state will not to engage or initiate a war because the state certainty that it will be defeated.[6] Via this discussion, in a nutshell, deterrence is the other means to prevent war. Deterrence can be viewed as the other means of diplomacy. Deterrence can be defined as the barrier to prevent war from being occurred. During First World War and the Second World War, war has brought greatest devastating towards mankind, nature, development and war leave bad effect on future generation mainly aftermath of using nuclear weapon. Is it as a signal that the deterrence is another means of diplomacy? It will discuss further on the next discussion. HOW DETERRENCE CAN BE ANOTHER MEANS OF DIPLOMACY? The question left here how deterrence can be a player or an actor in international relations and diplomacy. It is fascinating subject to examine the role of deterrence as diplomacy means. In answering the questions, we need to refer on the papers previous discussion which is what deterrence is and how its carry-out. The adaption of deterrence in international relations is to ensure State B will not take an action that could threat State A. If the State B wishes to do so, State B will bear devastating consequences. This circumstances show that State A attempts to warning and avert any pre-emptive action towards State A. By way of this statement, it represent that deterrence can be adapted as diplomacy instrument which is known as diplomatic bargaining in relationship of the state and the state action in international relations.[7] Psychology tactic and strategy are the finest way to describe the threat that created from deterrence. Deterrence crafted a threat without any physical demolition when deterrence proposed by the state is succeeded. The ambiguity of deterrence as another means of diplomacy still exists. Negotiation and discussion are among the significant elements in diplomacy. But how negotiation is present in deterrence? It is questionable question on this argument. The threat through deterrence is the negotiation. The deterrence represents and delegate the state to let the other state consider or think wisely is it worth to attack the state. In this situation, the other state have a chance to take further action on the state or else.[8] Generally, state will not take an action that it detrimental its people, politic position and economy. The succeed deterrence capable to protect its national interest for the reason that its politic goals achieved. Deterrence is the means to convince the other party (opponents) not to initiate a war toward the state. (Charles W. Kegley and Eugene R. Wittkopf, 1989). The capacity and the capability of nuclear weapon such as the development of ICBM which is leaving the impact of total destruction has been assessed or as a value toward head of the state in making decision concerning on action towards another state. As it concerned, deterrence is effective in preventing a nuclear war from occur in international system until today. The capability of nuclear can activate or enhance the deterrence (Marc A. Genest, 1996). After the discussion, the paper will confer on the using of deterrence in Cuban Missile Crisis. [1] The Pure Concept of Diplomacy [2] Mohamad faisol Keling.2006.Konsep asas hubungan antarabangsa dan pengajian strategik.mm [3] Daniel S. Papp. 1997. Nuclear Weapons and World Politics: Nuclear Strategy and Policy. In Allyn and Bacon (Eds.), Contemporary International Relations (413-414). United States of America: Mcmillan Publishing Company. [4] Keith B. Payne. 2001. The Fallacies of Cold War Deterrence and a New Direction. Lexingto, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. [5] Ibid. [6] Ibid. [7] Charles W. Kegley and Eugene R. Wittkopf, World Politics: Trends and Transformation, 3rd Ed, St. Martin, New York, 1989.pg377. [8] Faisol Keling

Othello Commentary Essay

Shakespeare’s Othello is a play about love, jealousy and racism. Othello is a Moor, who is kidnapped as a child and brought to Venice, where he grows up, becomes a mercenary and through his bravery rises to the rank of General of the Venetian army. Othello is in love with the beautiful Desdemona, daughter of a senator and is secretly married to her. Iago, his junior, jealous of his success attempts to destroy Othello and Desdemona and through his machinations obliterates love, honour and beauty. This passage marks the beginning of Act 1 Scene 2, and we see Iago come from badmouthing Othello to Roderigo and in this scene, he badmouths Roderigo to Othello. As in the first scene, the reader is sort of a voyeur, listening in to people’s conversations and making judgements or opinions of the characters based on the conversations we hear. Iago is a clever speaker and has a way with words. He has spoken of Othello to Roderigo in the first scene and called him all kinds of insulting names and adjudged him to be a criminal and bestial man. This scene begins with Iago, Othello and some attendants making their entrance. Iago recounts his supposed conversation with Roderigo to Othello and tells him that Roderigo has insulted Othello and Iago had been very upset with him and had tried everything to save Othello’s honour. He had also told Roderigo that despite his experience in battle, he had been overlooked for the job of Othello’s deputy. In his conversation with Othello, he uses â€Å"trade of war† to demonstrate his experience as it his trade and he is an able soldier having killed many men in battle, but though Roderigo insulted Othello, it was only because of his conscience that he had been able to stop himself from stabbing Roderigo. In this manner he is able to show the goodness of his heart and also question Othello, if he remembers that he is an experienced soldier. His use of conscience and â€Å"contrived murder† attempt to show Othello that it would have been like murder, which is planned, and not the right thing to do, though he was very angry with Roderigo and would have liked to stab him, â€Å" Nine or ten times. † By using the number of times he would have liked to stab Roderigo and also â€Å"yerked him here, under the ribs† he portrays his anger but also his indecisiveness. We also see that Iago’s use of â€Å"conscience†, at this time in the play leads to the audience’s knowledge of the reality of his lack of a conscience. Othello is happy that Iago has not taken any undue action and tells him its better that things are as they remain. Iago on the other hand, continues his tirade against Roderigo and tells Othello that Roderigo kept repeating himself, he â€Å"prated† or went on and on insulting Othello and spoke â€Å"such scurvy and provoking terms†. Shakespeare’s use of alliteration â€Å"such scurvy† only emphasise the point that Iago is trying to make that Roderigo used very contemptible terms, which were an insult to Othello’s honour. Iago then tries to show that he is a compassionate man, saying, â€Å"with the little godliness I have†, in an attempt to place himself in Othello’s good books. The use of the words,† full hard forbear him† once again are an attempt to portray Iago in a good light, as he says that it took all of his control not to attack Roderigo. full† and â€Å"hard† both have similar meanings, and are used to show the amount of control it took Iago not to do anything. The next line is an abrupt departure from the subject of Roderigo and Iago suddenly asks Othello, â€Å"Are you fast married? † perhaps this is an attempt by Iago to surprise Othello in to disclosing whether he is really married to Desdemona and the word, †fast† is us ed to suggest whether this marriage has been consummated, as if it has not been then perhaps it could still be annulled. He also suggests that Desdemona’s father is a very powerful man, â€Å"Magnifico†, a word that was used for the most powerful men in Venice. He also implies that the senator is so powerful that he commands more power than the Duke of Venice and will be able to get Desdemona divorced and Othello punished very severely. Shakespeare’s use of â€Å"a voice potential† signifies a power that is extremely strong and that no one will be able to against the voice of the Magnifico. Moreover he will be able to use all the might of the law to destroy Othello, as he is also an outsider and Venetian law favoured the Venetians. Othello, on the other hand, is not cowed by Iago’s words and tells him that he is not afraid and the Magnifico can do as he pleases. He believes that his service to the state and the rest of the wealthy citizens of Venice will be enough to protect him. He believes that his services will â€Å"out tongue† his complaints meaning that his services are worth more than another’s words, even a Magnifico’s. Othello tells Iago that he shall only boast of his descent when it is necessary and will tell the world that he too is a prince and his deficiencies or â€Å"demerits† can speak for themselves when he is in front of men of a lineage as regal as his. He also tells him that it is his good fortune that he has been able to win the hand of someone as gentle as Desdemona. He compares her to the treasures of the ocean, as pearls and other sunken treasure litter the sea floor. This comparison to treasure shows the measure of his love for Desdemona and he is willing to sacrifice everything for her. Othello and Iago are surprised to see some men entering and Iago counsels Othello to hide. He tells him that Desdemona’s father and his friends have come to seek him and suggest he hide. Not surprisingly, Othello refuses as he is a honourable man and has nothing to hide, declaring, â€Å" Not I, I must be found†. The use of repetition, â€Å"I† portrays the strength and self-respect that Othello possesses. In the next line he once again repeats, â€Å"My parts, my title and my perfect soul† the repetition of the word â€Å"my† is once again used to portray the nobleness of his soul and is indicative of his honour. To his question if it is really the senator, Iago replies swearing,† By Janus, I think no. † Shakespeare uses classical allusion her by referring to Janus, the two headed Roman god, signifying Iago’s duplicity. They are met by Cassio, Othello’s lieutenant and some guards, who bid him accompany them, as the Duke wants an audience with him. Cassio uses the words, â€Å"haste-post-haste† signifying the urgency with which Othello is required to accompany them to the Duke. Othello departs while questioning Cassio to the urgency of this command. This passage lays the groundwork and shows the duplicity of Iago and the lengths he is willing to go to integrate himself with Othello, while plotting his downfall. It also becomes evident that Iago and Othello are diametrically opposite characters. Iago, who is willing to do or say anything to achieve his ambitions, while Othello is a honourable man, who is willing to do anything for his love Desdemona and is proud of his achievements and his lineage.

What Everybody Is Saying About Essay Topics on Love

What Everybody Is Saying About Essay Topics on Love If you are attempting to discover what you will write about in your essay, these suggestions are what you will need. You ought to use precise facts and figures simply to support your opinion. Your subject will represent a wide whole. If you would like your persuasive essay to acquire the greatest possible scores, you should not simply look closely at its key elements but also to the format and outline. Therefore do not feel overwhelmed with the quantity of writing assignments as it's inevitable, get over it. To avoid that, you've got to make an outline before writing the text and stick with it. An outline is comparable to the table of contents. Your persuasive essay ought to have a very clear plan, which will provide you an opportunity to focus on the most important elements of the work and put aside all of the minor arguments. In reality, sources utilized for writing the synthesis essay needs to be perceived as building blocks using which you construct your distinctive idea. Typically, a structure of essay contains three key sections, in other words, introduction, body, and conclusion. Persuasive essay format differs in every specific case, even though it has some common facets. The Upside to Essay Topics on Love Obviously, it may be any variety of explanations. You will possibly fail the class. Keep in mind the topic needs to be interesting and catching not just for you, but additionally for the instructor. If you believe that you don't have plenty of time or due to any other circumstances you aren't able to handle the job, please get in touch with us and we'll be pleased to provide help. If it is all about figu ring out how to compose an AP English synthesis essay, it is necessary to open the official AP website with the present requirements and study the grading rubric to comprehend what things to concentrate on. Teachers do not wish to assess your googling skill. In general, essay writing is a very simple task when you have the correct topic. Expository essay is a kind of paper that's super common for all degrees of education. It is a type of assignment that requires demonstration of your research and reasoning skills on a particular topic. A persuasive essay should stick to a frequent pattern if you would like it to be readable and clear. Therefore, many students and employees decide to obtain cheap essay rather than writing it themselves. The only thing we recommend to do before you begin working on your expository essay is to produce a correct outline. From time to time, during your nursing program you'll be asked to compose several essays and research papers. Even a complete paragraph may not be sufficient to share the full sense. Use transition words to get your text coherent and simple to read. Elaborate and Insert Words to Modify the Content It is extremely easy to think about words you can just throw into a sentence to ensure it is original, whenever you are reading the sentence pasted from the web. Just paste the precise paragraph you wish to paraphrase, and start to right-click the special and meaningful words. The cost of an essay rides on the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. The author proves her words with the aid of recent studies. Conversely, if you are unable to attribute the idea to the author of the job you're paraphrasing, you're still guilty of plagiarism. The teacher may provide several words to discuss to earn the paper longer. Understanding Essay Topics on Love Most individuals are worth an opportunity. Others might point to the concept which people are prepared to pay for prostitutes. Men and women work out for different factors. Furthermore, they drink for various reasons. The Bizarre Secret of Essay Topics on Love You discover for yourself such characteristics of the partner's personality that it is possible to get only in the event that you live together. In fact, understanding how to compose a persuasive essay is a significant skill for students of various specialties. The aim of such essays isn't to demonstrate your knowledge, yet to exhibit the im portant thinking and analytical skills. Therefore, the whole world is of the identical society, and is becoming of the exact same language too. In that situation, the topic will appeal to the majority of women since it's relatable. It should be appropriate for your essay type. It is going to also be easier to write about a topic you're passionate about. If you can choose the subject all on your own, you get a great benefit! Essay about politics have become the most obvious option if you require a sure-fire subject. To compose a great nursing essay you need to locate a topic that you understand well or a topic you're passionate to learn more about. Besides persuasive topics, it is possible to also think of argumentative essay topics since they provide the exact effect. It's possible to go for an intriguing topic from any area of science.

Hoffmann Surname Meaning and Family History

The Hoffmann surname originated as a nickname for a farmer who owned his land rather than rented, from the Middle High German Hofman, meaning person working on a farm. The name eventually came to denote a steward (manager) of a manor farm; as such, it was widespread throughout central and eastern Europe, in both German and non-German-speaking countries. Hoffmann is the 10th most common German surname. Surname Origin: German, Jewish Alternate Surname Spellings:  HOFMAN, HOFMANN, HOFFMAN, HOFMANS, HUFFMAN, HUFFMANN, GOFMAN, HAUFFMAN, HOUGHMAN, HUFMAN Famous People with the HOFFMANN  Surname Dustin Hoffman  - Oscar-winning actorAbbie Hoffman  - American political activist; founder of  the Youth International PartyPhilip Seymour Hoffman  - American actor and directorGaby Hoffmann - American film and television actressErnst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann  (E. T. A. Hoffmann) - German Romantic author of fantasy and horrorAlbert Hofmann - Swiss scientist; best known for his discovery of LSDRoald Hoffmann - American theoretical Nobel Prize-winning  chemistFelix Hoffmann - German chemist best-known for inventing aspirin Where is the HOFFMANN Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from Forebears, the Hoffmann surname is most prevalent in Germany, where it ranks as the 7th most common surname in the nation, but is used by a greater percentage of the population in Luxembourg, where it is the 3rd most common surname. It is also fairly common in Austria (74th), Denmark (116th) and Switzerland (150th). The Hoffman spelling, on the other hand, is most prevalent in the United States, although this spelling is not always derived from the German Hoffmann. According to WorldNames PublicProfiler, Hoffmann is found most frequently in southwest Germany, especially the states of Saarland and Rheinland-Pfalz, followed by the northeast German states of Brandenburg and Sachsen-Anhalt. The Hofmann spelling of this surname is also found primarily in Germany, but  in the states of Sachsen, Hessen, Bayern and Thuringen, followed by Zurich, Switzerland. Genealogy Resources for the Surname HOFFMANN Meanings of Common German SurnamesUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common German surnames. Hoffmann  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Hoffmann  family crest or coat of arms for the Hoffmann surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. DistantCousin.com - HOFFMANN  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Hoffmann. The Hoffmann  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Hoffmann  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. ----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997 https://www.thoughtco.com/surname-meanings-and-origins-s2-1422408

The Death Penalty Is The Punishment Of Execution Essay

The death penalty is the punishment of execution. Another term used is capital punishment, which is legally authorized killing of someone as a punishment of a capital crime. The race of executed prisoners and the current prisoners on death row has been inconsistent over the years since 1976 when the death penalty was reinstated in The United States of America (Facts, 2016). There are thirty-one states that allow capital punishment and the other nineteen states do not allow it. Since 1976 there has been 1,437 executions as of August 30, 2016. The year 1999 has had the most executions with a body count of ninety-eight. â€Å"The first American executed for murder was a pilgrim named John Billington who sailed to America on the Mayflower, settled in Virginia, and was hanged in 1630.† The first woman to be executed was Jane Champion in 1632; She was hanged (Coyne Entzeroth, 2001, p. 5). A defendant s life can be spared or condemned by a jury or a judge who is for the death penalty, against the death penalty, and/ or any knowledge of the families involved and the attorneys (Coyne Entzeroth, 2001, p. 7). The death penalty is a worldwide controversial issue in today’s society, and is the highest form of punishment for a person. Race and other forms of discrimination play a huge role in deciding who is â€Å"chosen† to be executed. Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex. The race ofShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Is The Punishment Of Execution1247 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the death penalty? The death penalty is the punishment of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime. In the reading selection â€Å"The DEATH PENALTY in AMERICA† Bedau says that â€Å"The history of the death penalty in America can be useful if roughly divided into six epochs of very uneven duration and importance (3)†.The author is saying that the history of the death penalty can be usefully if it is separate into different time period. The author says â€Å"first, from theRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Punishment Of Execution1707 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 2015 Essay 3: The Personal as Political The death penalty is â€Å"the punishment of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime.† Currently, thirty-six countries practice this punishment, 103 countries have abolished it for all crimes, and six countries have abolished it except for special circumstances. The death penalty has been around for a very long time in the United States, with the first recorded execution being that of Captain George Kendall in the JamestownRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Punishment Of Execution2472 Words   |  10 PagesThe death penalty is the punishment of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime (law.cornell.edu, 2015). The first Congress of the United States authorized the federal death penalty on June 25, 1790 (deathpenalty.org, 2011). The death penalty can also be referred to as capital punishment, however capital punishment also includes a sentence to life in prison, as opposed to strictly executions. A convict can b e sentenced to death by various methods including lethalRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Punishment Of Execution Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe death penalty is a punishment of execution given to someone who commits a capital crime. The death penalty cost less than a life in prison sentence and deters criminals from offenses; however, the death penalty can be seen as a form of revenge and innocent people can be wrongly accused. Studies show an equitable amount of evidence to support the theory that the death penalty is founded on systematic racism, bias toward African Americans and preys upon the impoverished in America. This makesRead More Capital Punishment: Does Death Equal Justice? Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment: Does Death Equal Justice? Capital punishment causes the death of someone because that person killed someone else, yet only murderers suffer such a fate. Rapists do not endure rape, thieves do not have their possessions robbed, and those convicted of assault do not undergo a similar assault. or hundreds of years people have considered capital punishment a deterrence of crime. Seven hundred and five individuals have died since 1976, by means of capital punishment; twenty-twoRead MoreThe Death Penalty : A Fact Finding Report Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesThe Death Penalty: A Fact-Finding Report The Death Penalty, also, known as, Capital Punishment, is the sentence of execution, for serious crimes punishable by death, through means prescribed by congress, through laws agreed upon by state legislatures (uslegal.com). Since, the first laws were established in the eighteenth-century, the topic of capital punishment has been met with vast amounts of controversy. Many Americans, have fought correspondingly, to repeal, change, and reinstate, capital punishmentsRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Punishment For A Wide Range Of Crimes1607 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout history Capital Punishment or â€Å"the Death Penalty† was the punishment for a wide range of crimes. Capital Punishment was used by almost all societies to both punish crime and suppress political dissent. For example, execution was widely employed as a means of oppressing political dissent by fascist or communist governments. Also during the Eighteenth century, Britain executed a person for 222 different crimes including stealing an animal or cutting down a tree. (JasperRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Also Commonly Referred As Capital1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe death penalty is also commonly referred as capital punishment. The definition of the death penalty is defined as by Merriam-Webster as â€Å"Execution of an offender sentenced to death after a conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense.† Capital punishment has been widely being used for centuries it is known today, as well as the debates that arise with this subject. The history of the Capital punishment goes back as far as Ancient Laws of China. The death penalty was established as punishmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty Throughout History1074 Words   |  5 Pagesthe development of the death penalty throughout history. It begins with a brief explanation of the origins of capital punishment, referencing the first known documentation of actions punishable by death. The paper goes on to explore different methods of execution and how they have progressed and changed over the years. Documented cases at different points of history are referenced to show the relationship of time periods and beliefs to the implementation of capital punishment. Finally, the developmentRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States961 Words   |  4 Pages Capital Punishment in the United States For centuries, capital punishment has been used as a consequence of capital crime. Criminals who have committed such crimes are subject to facing the death penalty. Pickens shares, â€Å"Capital crimes are considered to be treason or terrorist attacks against the government, crimes against property when life is threatened, and crimes against a person that may include murder, assault, and robbery.† Dating back to 1608, the execution of George Kendall

Non Medical Factors Influencing Csection Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(67) " were significantly higher in older female parents with high para\." Cesarean delivery is the bringing of a babe through a surgical scratch in the female parents abdomen wall laparotomy and uterus wall hysterectomy. In some fortunes, a C-section is scheduled in progress. In others it ‘s done in response to an unanticipated complication. We will write a custom essay sample on Non Medical Factors Influencing Csection Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Initially, cesarian bringing was performed to salvage the foetus from a moribund patient. But over and over old ages, this operation later was developed into a surgical process to salvage both maternal and foetal from high complications. 2.2 Concept of C-section The C-section rate is increasing over a period of clip in developed states, every bit good as in developing states. It is besides increasing for all adult females of all ages, race/ethnic group, gestational age, SES group. For case in China the cesarian rate rose dramatically from 3.4 % in 1988 to 39.3 % in 2008 with the most dramatic addition among urban adult females ( Xu, Yan, A ; Carine, 2012, p. 3/12 ) . In USA, this rate climbed from 5 % in 1960 to 31.8 % in 2007 ( Campbell, 2011 ) . In Mali, the rate addition from 1.6 % in 2005 to 2.9 in 2009. Furthermore in developed state the proportion of cesarian birth is 21.1 % on mean whereas in developing states is merely 2 % ( Betran et al, 2007 ) . This rate is rather under the international norm fixed ( 5 % – 15 % ) by WHO since 1985. 2.3 Types of Cesarean delivery Cesarean delivery is made based on two types of scratch on the womb: low transversal scratch and perpendicular uterine scratch. However the way of scratch on the womb does non needfully fit with the scratch on the tegument ( up, down or side to side ) . The low transverse scratch is a horizontal cut across the lower portion of the womb. It is the one which is safer and more successful to travel through labour for holding a vaginal bringing in ulterior gestations. The perpendicular scratch on the womb is used for presenting preterm babes, abnormally positioned placentas, gestations with more than one foetus and in utmost exigencies. 2.4 Medical factors ( indicant of caesarean delivery ) Cesarean indicant can be classified into 3 groups: Maternal ; foetal or maternal-fetal. Tableau 2. Medical indicant for cesarian determination Maternal Fetal Maternal-fetal Medical status: specific cardiac disease ( Maran ‘s Syndrome, unstable coronary arteria disease ) ; specific respiratory disease ( GuillanBarre syndrome ) ; thrombopenia Conditionss associated with increased intracranial force per unit area Mechanical obstructor of the lower uterine section ( tumours, fibroids ) Mechanical vulvar obstructor ( condylomata ) Contracted pelvic girdle ( either congenital or acquired ) No reassuring fetal position Malpresentation: rear of barrel, cross prevarication, forehead or face/mentumposterior Cord prolapsed Maternal herpes or HIV Congenital anomalies/Vasa previa Failure to come on in labour: either collar to descent or collar to distend Cephalopelvic disproportion Placental breaking off Placenta previa/ placenta breaking off Conjoint twin Uterine rupture Elective caesarean delivery bringing The most common indicant for cesarian bringing in America is repeated cesarian ( 30 % ) , followed by dystocia or failure to advancement ( 30 % ) , malpresentation ( 11 % ) and non-reassuring fetal position ( 10 % ) ( Murphy, Sarah K. , et Jeffrey D. , 2012, p. 2 ) . In England, the most common indicant is besides repeated caesarean delivery ( 29 % ) followed by presumed foetal hurt ( 22 % ) , failure to advancement ( 20 % ) and breech birth ( 16 % ) ( caesaran subdivisions, October 2002, p. 2 ) . In Mali, the most common indicant is prolonged/obstructed labour or suspected cephalopelvic disproportion 40.4 % , followed by old cesarian subdivision 16.6 % , foetal hurt ( 16.1 % ) ( Valerie Brand et Al, 2012 ) . Based on the timing of C-section ( CS ) at the clip of determination devising, the cesarian indicants are grouped under one of those four classs. Tableau 2. Different classs of Cesarean delivery Category 1: Emergency CS Category 2: Urgent CS Category 3: Scheduled Cesium Category 4: Elective CS – There is an immediate menace to the female parent or the foetus. Therefore the CS should be done within the following 30 min in order to salvage on clip both female parent and babe Breaking off, cord prolapsed, cicatrix rupture, scalp blood PH lt ; 7.20, foetal hurt: drawn-out FHR slowing lt ; 80 There is maternal or foetal complication but was non instantly life endangering. In that instance the bringing should be completed within 60-75 min Case with FHR abnormalcies are those of concern The female parent needs early bringing but there is no maternal or foetal via media. A concern of the continuance of gestation is likely to impact the female parent or foetus in the approaching hours or yearss. Iatrogenic preterm bringing where there is need to give a class of steroid for lung adulthood The bringing is timed to accommodate the female parent and staff. There are instances where there is an indicant for CS but there is no urgency. Placenta previa with no active hemorrhage, malpresentation, history of old cesareanaˆÂ ¦ 2.5 Non medical factors act uponing Cesarean delivery rate Beside medical factors, non-medical grounds can hold an impact on the likeliness of holding a Cesarean delivery every bit good. Among those factors, maternal features such as age, instruction, business, birth order, fiscal position ( salary/affordability to pay medical fees and wellness insurance ) , abode, figure of prenatal visits, wellness position can greatly act upon the Cesarean delivery rate. Some demographic factors, particularly the alteration in the features of the childbearing population can impact cesarian bringing. Ethical and economic grounds may besides hold some influence on the rate of surgical bringing. 2.5.1 Maternal age Several surveies show that old adult females ( over 35 ages ) are more likely to hold a high hazard of gestation complication and cesarian bringing. Other surveies found the same consequence in lower hazard adult females population. A important association was besides found between the hazard of holding C-section and advanced maternal age at the first gestation ( Herstad A ; al, 2012 ) . In add-on, increasing age and para are reported to be associated with a high hazard of inauspicious gestation results and C-section rate. Dystocia, non-reassuring foetal status, preeclampsia, placenta previa, abruptio-placenta, malpresentation, prolonged labour and macrosomia were significantly higher in older female parents with high para. You read "Non Medical Factors Influencing Csection Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Another high association was found among advanced maternal age of adult females with old Cesarean delivery and increasing Cesarean delivery rate ( Hiasat , 2002 ) . 2.5.2 Education of the female parent The function of instruction degree dramas in the C-section rate is controversial. ( Gilbert, Alice, A ; Haim A. , 2010 ) found in a survey that planned C-section was carried out more frequently among educated adult females than uneducated 1s. High instruction degree influences besides positively the C-section rate of adult females with old C-section ( Khawaja, Tamar, A ; Rozzet, 2000 ) .This important rate of C-section rate among the more educated adult females are chiefly due to either maternal pick for C-section ( posh to force factor ) or physicians behavior factors or the hold of maternity until older age for educated adult females. On the other manus, when all those factors are taken into consideration, some surveies show that the cesarean delivery rate is likely to be less among higher educated adult females because educated adult females are more cognizant about gestation complications and hazards. Therefore they are more preventative and care better about their wellness dur ing the gestation. For case among adult females in the same age, the less educated 1s are really more likely to acquire a C-section ( Harrison, 2012 ) . Furthermore the instruction of the male parent does n’t hold excessively much consequence as the female parent instruction on the C-section rate. 2.5.3 Occupation of the parents Occupation of the female parent is greatly associated with the cesarian bringing. A Nigerian survey found that adult females with no business are more likely to hold a vaginal bringing than those with a high business ( Olusanya A ; Olumuyiwa, 2009 ) . This might due to some grounds such as maternal pick to present by C-section, detaining maternity ( due to the deficiency of clip because of her work ) at an advanced age or unjust entree to maternal wellness attention. A survey in Puerto Rico found that a direct association with the male parent ‘s business and the rate of surgical bringing. Fathers with no business are associated with a lower rate of C-section rate ( Jose A ; Vazquez-Calzada, 1997 ) . It is likely due to the same socio-economic grounds I will cite in this caption. 2.5.4 Birth order Whereas a elevation of C-section rate for the maternal age is evident for about all the live-birth order, live-birth order affects the rate of cesarian bringing independently of the maternal age. The hazard of cesarian bringing is greater among female parents holding their first kid no affairs the age, except for teenage female parents. Then this hazard falls down quickly with wining births. For case, a USA survey ( Taffel, 1994 ) found the cesarian rate declined as live-birth order rose to an agegreater or equal to 20 old ages old female parents for both black and white adult females. In add-on the highest cesarian rate for any age-birth order combination were found among adult females between 35-39 old ages of age holding their first birth, followed by adult females 40-49 old ages. The lowest rate was for 20 twelvemonth old adult females holding a 4th or higher order birth and for adolescents holding their 2nd or 3rd kid. Marwan Khawaja et Al found the same consequence: a higher li keliness of C-section bringing among low order birth compared to high one is expected since the bringing complications are more common among primiparious adult females taking to a higher rate of C-section. 2.5.5 Fiscal state of affairs Income and SES group The cesarian rate is of import among people with a better fiscal state of affairs even thoughthelow income group has a higher obstetrical hazard. One Brazilian survey ( Hopkins A ; Ernesto, 1998 ) found a higher Cesarean delivery rate among the high income group than the low one. Cesarean bringing is more common among people with high SES. This might due to the fact that low SES faces frequently to fiscal and geographic barriers to wellness attention entree. Ability and affordability to pay Several surveies found that Women or family with less fiscal ability and affordability to pay for wellness attention will hold high hazard gestation and higher Cesarean delivery rate ( Hopkins et Al, 1998 ) . Health insurance Cesarean rate is more common for insured adult females than uninsured ones.A survey in Brazil ( Cecatti, Helaine N, Anibal, A ; Maria Jose , 2005. ) showed that the C-section rate varies tremendously harmonizing to the type of insurance. And he lowest rate is with insurance companies which contract with public installations. Another survey ( KASSAK, A. MOHAMMAD, A ; ABDALLAH, 2000 ) found that cosmopolitan coverage by national wellness insurance had a greatest impact on the likeliness to increase C-section rate. 2.5.6 Rural / Urban countries Many articles highlight the importance of abode topographic point on the C-section rate.Mothers populating in urban countries have a higher chance to present by C-section, This might due to either a better entree to wellness attention in urban countries or the deficiency of appropriate equipments and skilled staff in rural countries. However it might besides reflect the overused of cesarian bringing in urban countries ( Yassin A ; Ghanim A, 2012 ) . 2.5.7 Number of prenatal visits The antenatal attention is another cardinal factor act uponing the Cesarean delivery rate. The greater is its figure ( six or over ) , the higher is the likeliness to acquire C-section. This is due to the fact that higher gestation hazard is more likely to hold more prenatal visits. On the other manus, some surveies found a strong association between medical cognition of female parent and figure of prenatal visits ( Habib, Maysaloun, A ; Selwa, 2011 ) . 2.5.8 Health position Fleshiness An addition in C-section rate appears in analogue with increasing fleshiness rate due to the lifting likeliness of gestation complication ( diabetes and high blood pressure ) . Further, both maternal and fetus weight influence the caesarean delivery rate ( Hendrickson, 2012 ) . Pregnancy and bringing complication Pregnancy complication, when it is non treated earnestly can take to serious issues. So it is an of import factor impacting C-section determination. Some surveies show a important likeliness of acquiring cesarian birth for complicated gestations seeking wellness attention ( Choudhury ) . Chronic high blood pressure and uterine hemorrhage in Jose and all surveies were reported as the most common gestation medical hazard associated with surgical bringing. Others are diabetes and anaemia. However bringing complications taking to C-section are more considered as medical factors. They are more of import than gestation complication because they affect straight the normal bringing and increases extremely the Cesarean delivery likeliness. And the opportunity of holding a caesarean delivery is even more for those adult females with two or more bringing complication. Low/ high hazard factor Cesarean delivery rate is lower among adult females with unsophisticated gestations than complicated 1s. In add-on a healthy adult female is less likely to hold gestation complication and Cesarean delivery than the opposite ( Best patterns in the usage of cesaean subdivision in Nova Scotia, 2008 ) . 2.5.9 Summary of non medical factors On the following page, there is a sum-up of all non medical factors with the mentions and the expected mark. Writers Datas Year Methodology Expected mark Maternal age Herstad et Al. Descriptive Longiditunal 2012 Log binomial reg Descriptive stat a†°? 35: + Mother Education Gilbert et Al Harrison et Al Retrosp cohort – 2010 2012 Logit arrested development Statical theoretical account More: + Less: + Mother Occupation Olusanya et Al Jose et Al Cross sectional Retrospective 2009 1997 Logit arrested development Logit arrested development None: + Father: few Birth Order Taffel et Al Marwan et Al Cross sectional Cross sectional 1994 2003 Descriptive stat Logit arrested development BO iˆ? : – Idem Income and SES ability to pay Hopkins et Al Cross sectioal 1998 Logit arrested development High Selenium: + Health insurance Cecatti et Al Retrospective Case control 2005 Logit arrested development Insured: + Rural / Urban country Yassin et Al – 2012 – Urban: + Ant visit Habib et Al Cross sectional 2011 Descriptive statistic Nberiˆ? : + Health position Choudhury – – Hazard iˆ? : + Tableau 2.3 Expected mark of non medical factors 2.6 Human behaviour factors increasing Cesarean delivery Medical human behaviour factors Some medical accounts can explicate the rise of cesarian rate. First of wholly, there are big fluctuations among clinicians, infirmaries in the direction of the adult female labour which influence the caesarean delivery rate. Second, even though the proportion of aided rear of barrel babes bringing does non increase, some clinicians prefer to avoidthe hazard due to the complication of normal bringing and pattern an elected caesarean delivery for rear of barrel babes because they think it is safer. In add-on, the increasing usage of in vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) has led to the lifting in the figure of multiple births and those babes are frequently delivered by CS. Finally, the development of new surgical technics, engineerings and medical attention has made C-section an progressively safe operation. Non-medical human behaviour factors 2.6.2.1 Cultural and Organizational factors In some instances, the C-section determination is really needed to salvage the female parent and/or the babe. However this determination, in another state of affairs is circumstantially a balanced judgement taken between clinical squads and the female parent. So, the environment within the infirmary unit and his staff is managed has greatly an impact on C-section determination, taking to a wide fluctuation in the rate between infirmaries. Further, some surveies found that learning infirmaries tend to hold lower caesarean delivery rate than non learning wellness installations and private clinics ( K.M Kassak et al. , 2000 ) . On the other side, some ethical issues such as physicians ‘ duty non to do injury to patients and to obtain their consent prior any intervention, alternatively of merely to protect a patient ‘s public assistance can act upon the doctor pick. 2.6.2.2 Maternal pick Some female parents, chiefly the educated and celebrated 1s prefer to give birth by C-section because they are scared of enduring for the vaginal birth. So this rise of C-section rate can be attributed to adult females ‘s lifestyle pick. Because of this ground, C-sectionrate in private infirmaries is frequently higher than public infirmaries. Further, harmonizing to some surveies about â€Å" cesarian civilization of Brazil † , other grounds are found ( Giguere, 2007 ) : Due to modern and advanced, technological intercessions, adult females perceived C-section as safer and more comfy labour with better quality of wellness attention They want to avoid the hazard of perineal harm due to normal bringing that can impact adult females sexual map after childbearing. On the other side, the prevalence of maternal penchant vary widely harmonizing to the state context. A survey in Hong Kong ( Selina A ; al, 2007 ) found a low prevalence of 16.7 % for the maternal pick and the chief ground was their sensed it safer for the baby.In another survey, Iran the rate was 22 % ( Alimohanmadian, Manak, Mahmoodi, A ; Faterneh, 2007 ) . 2.6.2.3 Profile of physicians preferring Cesarean delivery In general The increasing cesarian rate can besides be attributed to an undue doctor ‘s pick due to his fright to bear the hazard or fiscal inducement ( want to do more money ) . It can besides be due the patients demand. Furthermore, there are worldwide assorted clinicians sentiments about the petition of elected or exigency caesarean delivery. ( Mufti, MC Carthy A, A ; Fisk N. M, 24 1996, p. 544 ) in a study, found out that 17 % of Obstetricians in London ( 31 % of female and 8 % of male ) prefer ekective caesarean delivery. Their pick wer chiefly based on the turning away of perineal harm from vaginal birth and the Rhode Island of hurt to the babe. Then 68 % choose cesarian bringing for cepalic presentation with an estimated weight greater than 4.5 Kg. Another similar survey ( Wagner, 2000, p. 1677 ) in USA, showed that 46,6 % accoucheurs prefer the Cesarean delivery with more males ( 56.5 % ) than females ( 32.6 % ) . And so 70 % delivered by C-sectio with an estimated weight greater than 4.6 Kg. However in ( McGurgan, Coulter-Smith, S. , A ; O’Donovan, P.J. , 2001 ) survey, there are more females than males who chose eletcive caesarean delivery. Sing the matrimonial position, married cli nicians do less exigency caesarean delivery than the non married 1s ( Turner, Young, Solomon, Ludlow, Benness, A ; Phipps, 2008 ) . In add-on, clnicians request ( 21 % ) more cesrean bringing than accoucheuses ( 10 % ) and coloreectal sawboness urogynecologists are more lkely to bespeak C-section. Mali instance In Mali, the wellness forces in public installations are under salary based payment. The salary rate are based on the degree of preparation and the figure of old ages in service ( MCI, Octobre 2010 ) . Therefore doctors have no inducement to increase the C-section rate. In add-on when patients arrive at maternal wellness installations, they foremost contact are made with the accoucheuses and the medical pupils on responsibility. And so when it is a omplicated or particular instance which need the physician advice, they call him. Therefore the female parent petition for cesarea bringing to physicians are non observed in those public installations. The cesarian determination is merely taken by doctors based on medical grounds. How to cite Non Medical Factors Influencing Csection Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

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Question: Why Operations Management has Increased in Recent Times? Answer: Introduction As defined by many researchers operations are the activities that are needed to create as well as deliver services and products starting from the procurement areas to distribution of these services and goods. Therefore operations management is the activities which create value in the form of goods and services through transforming these goods and services which are inputs to outputs i.e. results (Jensen and Szulanski, 2007). Its focus is thus on the careful management of processes to ensure products and services are produced and distributed in a manner that adds value to the inputs of the organization which is then converted to outputs that are profitable. Its therefore both an art and science of managing processes, people and systems meant for product and service delivery to clients. Its in this perspective that operations management has been taken to be a very fundamental part of any business (Arfelt, 2010). Most of the organizations CEOs come from backgrounds related to operations but if someone does not have operations background they are advised to undertake trainings before assuming positions of CEOs. 1. The operation management field has gained a lot of recognition in recent times as a result of the public awareness regarding the success that comes with this sector especially in manufacturing industries. From this awareness so many industries are coming to the realization that the functions of operations are as important as finance and marketing to their business. There has also been a realization that for them to compete effectively in the global business market they must embrace a strategy that focuses on operations so that their mission can be supported as well as the overall corporate strategy (Cruz, 2010). The efficiency and effectiveness of many organizations often revolve around the operations management. To make the process work right then operations have to be managed well. Great degree of integrating the resources of any organization to get products in their correct place and in the best way possible requires operation process to be handled well. All these should be done in consideration of cost and time. Innovations in an organization do exist but none of them promises a competitive advantage that is everlasting to the business. Hence for any success to be felt by the company a competitive advantage that is robust has to be created and it needs to have its basis or roots in the involved process (Casolaro and Gobbi, 2007). Such process includes but not limited to the process of utilizing new technologies, using available resources to generate new ones and creation of value. The achievement of these processes is only possible when the operations are well managed in a manner that brings out some difference and the concept of differentiation is also created at the floor of the organization. Some businesses such as Toyota Motor Corporation are doing so well because of this strategy in which it continuously focuses on quality improvement. All the activities of an organization are mostly supplemented by operations management. For instance the activities of research and development are focused on the development of products which are customers needs and therefore its market potential is sufficient (Jarrow et al., 2010). The department of finance is in itself concerned with the considerations regarding cost and therefore better placed to make any projections regarding productions in relation to fixed, variable and overhead costs The HR department is mandated with task of hiring people that have the right skills, abilities and knowledge in meeting the objectives of the organization. All the said functions are then integrated by the operations department. The operations people are tasked with the role of ensuring products are made in accordance to the specifications that are proposed according to the given budget (Cruz and Pinedo, 2008). This department thus utilizes land, machinery and labor to the best of their capacity to ensure a product produced can ease the pressure for the marketing people for the best target of the desired market segment. Interconnection between departments in an organization and operations management All other departments in an organization tend to operate poorly if the operations department is not managed and facilitated well. The HR department is in a good position to make decisions that are good regarding staff recruitment, job descriptions and staff training but if the operations are not well managed the human resources consequences are definitely going to be bad (Ariyachandra and Frolick, 2008). If an operation that is well run makes plans ahead of time an accounting department will have easy time to make payments for materials and bills related to supply. This makes it easy for one to handle payrolls since the costs will have been predicted on time. With poor running of operations such predictable costs are not easy to ascertain. The ability of the legal department to fully support operations in an organization is determined by operations that are well managed. There may not be any liability claims if a product is well made (Bandara, et al., 2007). The contract disputes with suppliers are less likely to occur if the supplies are well planned for. Production of products on time also ensures that disputes do not occur between contractors and purchaser. For instance when one wants to fill a customers order some control points do exist like the purchase order becoming an invoice, inventory becomes item that needs shipping and when the item to be shipped becomes a part of the goods to be delivered (Jarrow, 2008).There can be some potential form of confusion and even inefficiency if the operations department does not plan well for this. Therefore with all these the operations sector may be taken as a sieve which is likely to leak resources that are valuable if not managed efficiently. Operations management in organizations Whether the organization is small or large the operations management are very important. Regardless of size companies need to ensure products and services are produced and delivered in an efficient and effective manner (Brown et al., 2009a). However there are problems associated with the operations management in small and medium sized organizations. This is because the large and well developed companies in most cases have the resources which ensure individuals that are hired are given specific tasks in which they are specialized in and this is quite difficult to small companies. Due to insufficient resources in small companies employees get themselves into doing jobs that are different from their specialization provided the need arises. Due to the overlap of roles for individuals decision making process tend to be confusing (Roth, 2007). Its possible for the small companies to have similar operation issues as those of big companies but the problem comes in when its time to separate operation issues from the huge mass of other organizational issues. Salient features indicating the importance of operations management Operations forms one of the major three functions of an organization i.e. marketing, finance and operations. The companys ability to compete is affected by operations (de Lascurain et al., 2011). This is because a major opportunity is offered to an organization to ensure productivity and profitability is improved. Operations management is one of the costly segments of any organization. From statistics close to half of the people in the employment bracket globally are in the operations sector. A major portion of all assets of an organization is the responsibility of the operations management (Fisher, 2007). Other functions of an organization are mostly managed by the tools, techniques and concepts of operations management. From the above facts its thus evidence that the profits of any organization increases to a maximum level when the company in question focuses on the reduction in the costs for operations instead of increasing the sales or even reducing the costs related to finances. Conclusion From the discussion its evident that efficiency and effectiveness of an organization is determined by the operations management. Therefore making the process work right ultimately defines what operations management does. To run such processes in the organization integration of the resources in an organization has to be done at a higher degree and this has to be in line with the workforce capabilities and issues to do with supply chain management. All these ensure products and services are in the right place at the right time ensuring the costs and time is all considered. In view of all these operation management is a process that is very crucial when it comes to planning, organizing, leading as well as controlling all the services beginning from manufacturing to the issues of supply chain management. Being the heart of any organization, if operations are well managed all the other functions of the departments within the organization are made easier and if not well managed then the ot her departments find it difficult to operate well. References Arfelt, K. (2010). Lean six sigma in asset management: A way to cut costs? Pinedo, M. ed.Operational Control in Asset Management Processes and Costs. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 6087. Ariyachandra, T. R., Frolick, M. N. (2008). Critical success factors in business performance Bandara, W., Indulska, M., Chong, S., Sadiq, S. (2007). Major issues in business process management: An expert perspective. BPTrends, (October), 18. Brown, S. J., W. N. Goetzmann, B. Liang and Schwartz, C.(2009a). Estimating operational risk for hedge funds: The o score. Financ. Anal. J. 65(1): 4353. Casolaro, L., Gobbi, G. (2007). Information technology and productivity changes in Cruz, M. (2010). Strategic and tactical cost management in the asset management industry.Pinedo, M. ed. Operational Control in Asset ManagementProcesses and Costs. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 108131. Cruz, M. and M. Pinedo. (2008). Total quality management and operational risk in the service industries. Chen, Z.-L., S. Raghavan, eds. Chapter 7 in Tutorials in Operations Research 2008. Informs, Hanover, MD, 154169. de Lascurain, M., L. de los Santos, F. J. Herrer?a, D. F. Mun oz, A. Palacios-Brun, O. Romero- Hernandez, F. Sol?s. (2011). Indeval develops a new operating and settlement system using operations research. Working paper. Instituto para el Deposito de Valores, Mexico City, Mexico, to appear in Interfaces. January/ February 2011. Fisher, M.L. (2007). Strengthening the empirical base of operations management. Manufacturing and Service Operations Management 9 (4) 368-382. Jarrow, R. A. (2008). Operational risk. J. Bank. Finance 32(5): 870879. Jarrow, R. A., J. Oxman, Y. Yildirim. (2010). The cost of operational risk loss insurance. Review of Derivatives Research. 13(3): 273295. Jensen, R.J. and Szulanski, G. (2007). Template use and the effectiveness of knowledge transfer Management Science 53 (11) 1716-1730. managementStriving for success. Information Systems Management, 25(2), 113120. Manufacturing and Service Operations Management 9 (4) 353-367 Roth, A.V.(2007). Applications of empirical science in manufacturing and service operations, the banking industry. Econo